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anypage
welcome
Page "welcome"
Page "impaired beneficial uses"
tables
anyone
cleanup fund 1
metro toronto
st. clair river
solec tab 7
solec tab 9
niagara river
solec tab 7a
cleanup fund 2
welcome
solec lst 01
hamilton harbour
solec le 02
peninsula harbour
port hope
spanish harbour
solec cc 01
thunder bay
solec lh 02
solec tab 8
nipigon bay
save page
solec tab 10
bay of quinte
collingwood
solec tab 11
detroit river
print_page
solec tab 06
box 6.3
print_page a
solec tab 12
solec lo 03
impaired beneficial uses
st. lawrence river
solec ls 02
solec lm 02
jackfish bay
st. marys river
wheatley harbour
box 6.4
main menu
severn sound
save page
printed report
print_page
welcome
tables
main background
main menu
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solec lo 03
Lake Ontario contains seven Areas of Concern, of which Toronto and Hamilton
Harbour are of the largest magnitude.  The others are Port Hope and the Bay of Quinte in Ontario and Eighteen Mile Creek, Rochester and Oswego in New York.  An eighth, the Niagara River AOC, supplies approximately 70% of the contaminant loading to Lake Ontario.  Lake Erie's Buffalo River also primarily impacts Lake Ontario rather than Lake Erie. 
Lakewide, accelerated eutrophication has been brought under control, but remains a problem in localized bays and river mouth areas, notably Hamilton Harbour and the Bay of Quinte............
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solec tab 11
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solec lst 01
Lake St. Clair is a relatively small shallow lake of 1114 square kilometres (430 square miles) and a volume of 4.2 cubic kilometres (1 cubic mile).  It lies between Lakes Huron and Erie but is completely within the Lake Erie drainage basin.  There is a high population and industrial base surrounding it. This has led to the loss of much of the surrounding habitat/wetlands, and to
contaminant problems in both the water and the sediments.  Lake St. Clair and the St. Clair River are very important staging areas for migrating birds and fish, so habitat loss is a real concern.  Zebra mussels are a major influence on the Lake St. Clair ecosystem.  The population explosion of the mussels has resulted in better water clarity/quality, but this in turn has altered the nutrient cycling and food chains, as well as allowing aquatic vegetation to spread throughout the Lake. 
There are four Areas of Concern in the Lake St. Clair area which affect Lake Erie: St. Clair, Clinton, Detroit, and Rouge River.  There is no specific LaMP for the Lake but it is generally managed similarly to Lake Erie.  Priority is given to exotic species, loss of habitat, and persistent toxic contaminants.                  
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solec lm 02
Environmental quality in the Lake Michigan basin generally follows a north south gradient, being best in the north and degrading to the south. There are ten Areas of Concern around the Lake where the worst degradation exists.  In terms of magnitude, the Indiana Harbor, Milwaukee and Green Bay AOCs are the largest and most degraded although Waukegan Harbor and the Kalamazoo River contain very large quantities of PCBs.  Manistique, Menominee, Sheboygan, Muskegon and White Lake are less degraded, but still have beneficial use impairments. 
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solec tab 8
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solec lh 02
Lake Huron is literally the lake in the middle, both geographically and in environmental quality. It has relatively good quality of water and wetlands except in the Areas of Concern. 
Originally, there were five AOCs on Lake Huron, one of which, Collingwood Harbour, has since been cleaned up and was taken off the list of AOCs in 1994.  The binational St. Marys area at the head of the Lake was originally designated because of contaminants, but is also a major and growing source of lampreys.  Control of industrial sources is progressing and pollution loads are being reduced.  The two other Canadian AOCs, Spanish River and Severn Sound are responding well to remedial actions and showing recovery.  The U.S. AOC is Saginaw Bay.....
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solec le 02
There are ten  Areas of Concern on Lake Erie, but the Detroit and Sarnia areas also contribute to its problems.  The Buffalo AOC has little affect on the Lake as most of its discharge is drawn into the Niagara River and into Lake Ontario.  Presque Isle, Pennsylvania and Wheatley Harbour, Ontario are relatively small, but the others are major problem areas.  The Ashtabula,
Cuyahoga, Black, Maumee and Raisin River areas all present formidable problems as do the St. Clair, Clinton, Detroit and Rouge River areas upstream.                            
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solec tab 06
Ecological Health                          Habitat                Human Health               Human Use
1.  Degradation of fish and          7.  Loss of fish and     8.  Restrictions on fish and    10.  Tainting of fish and
     wildlife populations                     wildlife habitat             wildlife consumption                 wildlife flavour
2.  Degradation of Benthos                                                 9.  Beach Closings                    11.   Restrictions on dredging
                                                                                                                                                              activities
3.  Degradation of plankton                                                                                                      12.  Restrictions on drinking
     populations                                                                                                                                   water consumption, or
                                                                                                                                                              taste and odour problems              
4.  Eutrophication or                                                                                                                  13.   Degradation of                            undesirable algae                                                                                                                        aestetics                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5.  Fish tumors or other                                                                                                           14.   Added costs to
     defornities                                                                                                                                      agriculture or industry  
6.  Bird or animal deformities
     or reproductive problemssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
Beneficial Use Impairments by Categoryyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
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TABLE
enterPage
"TABLE" = 570,1335,9135,3170
 Area of Concern        Ecological Health      Habitat        Human Health       Human Use
TABLE
 Peninsula Harbour      
 Jackfish Bay
 Nipigon Bay
 Thunder Bay
 St. Louis River
 Torch Lake
 Deer Lake
Lake Superior Impaired Usessyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
eight
seven
twelfe
three
thirteen
eleven
fourteen
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Note: Click on any black rectangle and you will see which problems occur in a given area of concern..........them and you will see an explanation of which problems occurr in a given area....
Bird or animal deformities or reproductive problems
Fish tumors or other deformities
Degradation of fish and wildlife population
Degradation of benthos
Eutrophication or undesiderable algae
seven
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
eight
Restrictions on fish and widlife consumption
twelfe
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste and odour problems
eleven
Restrictions on dredging activities
Beach Closingss
fourteen
Added costs to agriculture or industry
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavour
three
Degradation of plankton populations
thirteen
Degradation of aesthetics
solec tab 8
TABLE
enterPage
"TABLE" = 200,1335,9135,3855
$L% &
TABLE
 Manistique River     
 Lower Menominee
 Lower Green Bay
 Sheboygan River
 Milwaukee Estuary
 Waukegan Harbor
 Grand Calumet River
 Kalamazoo River
 Muskegon Lake
 White Lake
 Area of Concern               Ecological Health      Habitat        Human Health       Human Use
!o	)"
Lake Michigan Impaired Usesyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
three
Degradation of plankton populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Degradation of fish and wildlife population
Degradation of benthos
Eutrophication or undesiderable algae
Bird or animal deformities or reproductive problems
seven
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
eight
Restrictions on fish and widlife consumption
Beach Closingss
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavour
eleven
Restrictions on dredging activities
twelfe
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste and odour problems
fourteen
Added costs to agriculture or industry
eight
seven
twelfe
three
thirteen
eleven
fourteen
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thirteen
Degradation of aesthetics
solec tab 9
TABLE
enterPage
"TABLE" = 300,1335,9135,2595
TABLE
 Saginaw River     
 Collingwood Harbour           Delisted
 Severn Sound
 Spanish Harbour
egan Harbor
Grand Calumet River
Kalamazoo River
Muskegon Lake
White Lakeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
 Area of Concern            Ecological Health      Habitat        Human Health       Human Usec
j	+ s
Lake Huron Impaired Usesyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
Degradation of fish and wildlife population
Degradation of benthos
three
Degradation of plankton populations
Eutrophication or undesiderable algae
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproductive problems
seven
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
fourteen
Added costs to agriculture or industry
twelfe
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste and odour problems
eleven
Restrictions on dredging activities
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavour
Beach Closingss
eight
Restrictions on fish and widlife consumption
eight
seven
twelfe
three
thirteen
eleven
fourteen
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thirteen
Degradation of aesthetics
Restriction on fish and wildlife consumption is not attributable to local sources for Collingwood Harbour and Spanish Harbour.
solec tab 10
TABLE
enterPage
"TABLE" = 450,1335,9135,3420
 Area of Concern        Ecological Health      Habitat        Human Health       Human Use
TABLE
 River Raisin     
 Maumeee River
 Black River
 Cuyhahoga River
 Ashtabula River
 Presque Isle Bay
 Wheatley Harbour
 Buffalo River
 Rouge River
 Clinton Rivereeeeeeeeeeeeee
Lake Erie Impaired Usessssssssssssssssssssyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
Degradation of fish and wildlife population
Degradation of benthos
three
Degradation of plankton populations
Eutrophication or undesiderable algae
Fish tumors or other deformitiesS
Bird or animal deformities or reproductive problems
seven
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
Beach Closingss
eight
Restrictions on fish and widlife consumption
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavour
eleven
Restrictions on dredging activities
twelfe
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste and odour problems
fourteen
Added costs to agriculture or industry
eight
seven
twelfe
three
thirteen
eleven
fourteen
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thirteen
Degradation of aesthetics
solec tab 11
TABLE
enterPage
"TABLE" = 250,1335,9135,3135
TABLE
 Eighteen Mile Creek      
 Rochester Embayment
 Oswego River
 Bay of Quinte
 Port Hope Harbour
 Metro Toronto
 Hamilton Harbour
 Area of Concern              Ecological Health     Habitat        Human Health       Human Usee
Lake Ontario Impaired Usesssssssssssssssssyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
Degradation of fish and wildlife population
three
Degradation of plankton populations
Eutrophication or undesiderable algae
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproductive problems
seven
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
eight
Restrictions on fish and widlife consumption
Beach Closingss
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavour
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Restrictions on dredging activities
eight
seven
twelfe
three
thirteen
eleven
fourteen
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Degradation of benthos
fourteen
Added costs to agriculture or industry
thirteen
Degradation of aesthetics
twelfe
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste and odour problems
solec cc 01
Great Lakes connecting channels are often the most heavily utilized by humans, therefore all five of the connecting channels have impaired habitat.  Part or all of each connecting channel has been designated as an Areas of Concern.  In addition to  the impacts of agriculture, industry and urbanization (which also affect the Lakes), the connecting channels suffer from physical alterations for shipping, water level management and power generation causing a loss of wetlands and rapids habitat.  
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solec tab 12
 Area of Concern            Ecological Health      Habitat        Human Health       Human Use
TABLE
 St. Marys River
 St. Clair River
  Detroit River
 Niagara River (ON)
 Niagara River (NY)
 St. Lawrence R. (ON)
 St. Lawrence R. (NY)
*	v S
Great Lakes Connecting Channels Impaired Usesssyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
Degradation of fish and wildlife population
Degradation of benthos
three
Degradation of plankton populations
Eutrophication or undesiderable algae
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproductive problems
Beach Closingss
thirteen
Degradation of aesthetics
eight
seven
twelfe
three
thirteen
eleven
fourteen
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fourteen
Added costs to agriculture or industry
eleven
Restrictions on dredging activities
twelfe
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste and odour problems
seven
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
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Restrictions on fish and widlife consumption
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solec ls 02
In terms of environmental quality, Lake Superior is distinguished by its high quality compared to the other Great Lakes and many parts of the U.S. and southern Canada.  This is due in large part to the relatively small population and very limited agriculture.  Notable exceptions to this high quality are the seven Areas of Concern where beneficial uses including the aquatic communities are impaired.  Areas of Concern  include: the lower reach of the St. Louis River/Bay near Duluth, MN and Superior, Wisconsin; Thunder Bay, Ontario; and the smaller areas of Jackfish Bay, Nipigon Bay and Peninsula
Harbour in Ontario and Torch and Deer Lakes in Michigan.  Progress
is being made in restoring beneficial uses to all of the AOCs.............
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box 6.3
agement
in the face
GREAT LAKES WATER QUALITY AGREEMENT
The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement is probably the most influential binational agreement subsequent to the Canada-U.S. Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909.  First signed in 1972, it covers all the Great Lakes and the international portion of the St. Lawrence River. Its primary purpose in 1972 was to stem and reverse eutrophication in the lower Great Lakes. In its revised (1978) and
amended (1987) forms, the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement focuses on persistent toxic chemicals and commits Canada and the United States "to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the waters of the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem."  Some specific commitments under the agreement that are of particular importance for the management of toxic substances in the Great Lakes are:
	the virtual elimination of persistent toxic substances;
	development of Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) for nearshore
	Areas of Concern (AOCs) and of Lakewide Management Plans
	(LaMPs) for each of the Great Lakes;
	monitoring to assess progress and trends and to detect new
	problems (e.g., to resolve the question of atmospheric
	deposition of toxic substances); and
	determination of mass balances of persistent toxic substances,
	and the study of their effects.
The role of the IJC is to monitor progress, provide advice to the parties to the agreement, distribute information, and provide a public forum for consultation. The IJC has been particularly influential through its biennial meetings and reports and through its advisory boards (Water Quality Board, Air Quality Board,
Science Advisory Board, Council of Great Lakes Research Managers). The governments of Canada and Ontario concluded the Canada-Ontario Agreement in 1994 to jointly fulfil Canada's responsibilities under the agreement........ent.ent.nt.t.ent.nt.nt........................
Box 6.4
Introduction and overview of the Canadian Remedial Action Plan
(RAP) program
The 1987 revision of the Canada
United States Great Lakes Water
Quality Agreement formalized the requirements for Remedial Action
Plans (RAPs). Restoration of beneficial uses within the Areas of
Concern (AOCs) is the primary mission of RAPs and is an essential
step in restoring the integrity of the Great Lakes basin ecosystem.
Canada and Ontario committed themselves under the Canada
Ontario
Agreement Respecting the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem to joint
development and implementation of RAPs for the Canadian AOCs. The
lead provincial and federal agencies are the Ontario Ministry of
Environment and Energy and Environment Canada, respectively. The
current Canada
Ontario Agreement target is to restore 60% of all
impaired uses, leading to the delisting of nine AOCs by the year
2000.
The Canada
Ontario Agreement RAP program emphasizes adoption of a
systematic and comprehensive ecosystem approach to restoring and
protecting beneficial uses and the area's ability to support
aquatic life. Particular attention has been given to ensuring that
the public is consulted on all aspects of the RAP program.
Guidelines for public involvement were developed and implemented
early in the program, and local public advisory committees were
established to provide direction for the plans and to generate
community awareness and support for them. This awareness and
support are crucial for successful implementation of RAPs.
RAPs are an iterative, action-planning process used to identify the
responsibility and time frame for implementing remedial and
preventative actions necessary to restore impaired uses in a three-
stage process. Stage 1 includes problem definition and
identification of sources and causes of environmental degradation;
Stage 2 identifies goals and remedial and preventative actions to
restore beneficial uses; and Stage 3 requires confirmation of the
effectiveness of those measures and restoration of the beneficial
uses. Documents are developed at each of these stages and forwarded
to the IJC for review and comment. To date, of the original 17 AOCs
in Canada, one, Collingwood Harbour, has been delisted as an AOC
(delisted in 1995; Hartig and Dolan 1995). The remaining 16 are at
various stages of development and implementation.
One of the driving forces behind the Canadian RAPs is Environment
Canada's Great Lakes Clean-up Fund. Since 1990, $43 million in
federal funds has been directed to the goals of cleaning up
contaminated harbour sediments using safe technologies, solving
sewage treatment plant problems caused by combined storm and
sanitary sewers, restoring and creating fish and wildlife habitat,
and public education. This has levered an additional $79 million
from other implementors.
Although the ultimate success of a RAP is measured by restoration
of beneficial uses, including biological recovery, the critical
content of RAPs consists of the clear identification of a limited
number of key action steps that are essential to recovery. The
process of identifying those high-priority actions and gaining
support for their implementation lies at the heart of the RAP
process. Many of the use impairments and problems in AOCs are
similar; however, the site-specific approaches and solutions vary
substantially. Therefore, it is important to continue to emphasize
cooperative learning through RAPs, monitor progress, and recognize
our mutual dependencies in restoring and maintaining the integrity
of the Great Lakes.
Lakewide Management Plans (LaMPs) are intended to set lakewide
reduction targets for critical pollutants. As such, they may seek
reductions in pollutants that are not fully addressed by RAPs. RAPs
contribute to lakewide resolution of impairments, as most industry
and contaminated sediment are in AOCs. LaMPs will invariably
reinforce the need for RAP implementation..........
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box 6.4
Introduction and overview of the Canadian Remedial Action Plan (RAP) program
The 1987 revision of the Canada-United States Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement formalized the requirements for Remedial Action Plans (RAPs). Restoration of beneficial uses within the Areas of Concern (AOCs) is the primary mission of RAPs and is an essential step in restoring the integrity of the Great Lakes basin ecosystem.
Canada and Ontario committed themselves under the Canada-Ontario Agreement Respecting the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem to joint development and implementation of RAPs for the Canadian AOCs. The lead provincial and federal agencies are the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy and Environment Canada, respectively. The current Canada-Ontario Agreement target is to restore 60% of all impaired uses, leading to the delisting of nine AOCs by the year 2000.
The Canada-Ontario Agreement RAP program emphasizes adoption of a systematic and comprehensive ecosystem approach to restoring and
protecting beneficial uses and the area's ability to support aquatic life. Particular attention has been given to ensuring that the public is consulted on all aspects of the RAP program. Guidelines for public involvement were developed and implemented early in the program, and local public advisory committees were established to provide direction for the plans and to generate
community awareness and support for them. This awareness and support are crucial for successful implementation of RAPs.
RAPs are an iterative, action-planning process used to identify the responsibility and time frame for implementing remedial and preventative actions necessary to restore impaired uses in a three-stage process. Stage 1 includes problem definition and identification of sources and causes of environmental degradation; Stage 2 identifies goals and remedial and preventative actions to restore beneficial uses; and Stage 3 requires confirmation of the effectiveness of those measures and restoration of the beneficial uses. Documents are developed at each of these stages and forwarded to the IJC for review and comment. To date, of the original 17 AOCs
in Canada, one, Collingwood Harbour, has been delisted as an AOC (delisted in 1995; Hartig and Dolan 1995). The remaining 16 are at various stages of development and implementation.
One of the driving forces behind the Canadian RAPs is Environment Canada's Great Lakes Clean-up Fund. Since 1990, $43 million in federal funds has been directed to the goals of cleaning up contaminated harbour sediments using safe technologies, solving sewage treatment plant problems caused by combined storm and sanitary sewers, restoring and creating fish and wildlife habitat, and public education. This has levered an additional $79 million
from other implementors.
Although the ultimate success of a RAP is measured by restoration of beneficial uses, including biological recovery, the critical content of RAPs consists of the clear identification of a limited number of key action steps that are essential to recovery. The process of identifying those high-priority actions and gaining support for their implementation lies at the heart of the RAP
process. Many of the use impairments and problems in AOCs are similar; however, the site-specific approaches and solutions vary substantially. Therefore, it is important to continue to emphasize cooperative learning through RAPs, monitor progress, and recognize our mutual dependencies in restoring and maintaining the integrity of the Great Lakes.
Lakewide Management Plans (LaMPs) are intended to set lakewide reduction targets for critical pollutants. As such, they may seek reductions in pollutants that are not fully addressed by RAPs. RAPs contribute to lakewide resolution of impairments, as most industry and contaminated sediment are in AOCs. LaMPs will invariably reinforce the need for RAP implementation........................................
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bay of quinte
kBay of Quinte Remedial Action Plan
Background
The Bay of Quinte Area of Concern (AOC) is a Z-shaped embayment on the
north shore of Lake Ontario. The Bay is approximately 100 km long and is
separated from the open lake by Prince Edward County and Amherst Island.
Its drainage area is 17,315 km2. The cities of Trenton, Peterborough, and
Belleville, the towns of Napanee, Picton, Campbellford, Lindsay, Frankford,
and Deseronto, 14 villages and four First Nations are located in the
drainage basin of the Bay, surrounded mostly by agricultural or forested
land. Diffuse agricultural inputs, sediments, sewage treatment plants,
industrial discharges, urban runoff (e.g. combined sewer overflows, illegal
sewer connections, and shoreline development), and atmospheric deposition
are the pollution sources contributing to the use impairments.  The industrial operations discharging treated effluent directly to the Bay of Quinte tributaries include Domtar Packaging and Sonoco on the Trent River, General Motors and Outboard Marine in Peterborough, and Strathcona Papers on the Napanee River.
                             RAP Report Status
   * The Bay of Quinte RAP Stage 2 Report was submitted to the federal,
     provincial, municipal governments, the Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte
     (Tyendinaga), and local municipalities in September 1993.
   * The RAP Team and PAC received the formal provincial response in July
     1995, and the formal federal response in August of the same year. The
     complete Stage 2 Report is scheduled to be transmitted to the IJC in
     1997 pending completion of the Stage 2 Implementation Annex.
   * The PAC has been a highly motivating factor in sustaining momentum
     throughout the RAP process. It will continue as an Implementation
     Advisory Committee (BQ-RAP/IAC) and seek private resources as a
     non-profit, incorporated body called the Quinte Watershed Cleanup Inc.
     To do so, BQ-RAP/IAC began in March 1996 to restructure, developing a
     comprehensive Business Plan, adopting Bylaws for the incorporated
     body, and outlining its new fund raising strategy in its second annual
     progress report. Most recently, the BQ-RAP/IAC story was presented by
     Chair David Patterson at the "Funding Strategies for Restoration of
     Areas of Concern in the Great Lakes Basin" conference at Wingspread,
     Racine, Wisconsin, U.S.A. The conference, sponsored by the
     International Joint Commission and The Johnson Foundation, provided
     BQ-RAP/IAC with a forum to discuss recent BQ-RAP/IAC actions, provide
     positioning for a major fund-raising event and highlight QRAP
     modelling initiatives and video productions.
   * In addition to its restructuring and incorporating actions, BQ-RAP/IAC
     is also, cooperatively and jointly with QRAP, supporting the launch of
     the comprehensive QRAP Environmental Education Manual and preparing a
     new video targeting municipal leaders and staff.
         ---------------------------------------------------------
                           Community Perspectives
   * The Quinte area community-at-large, its municipalities, and its
     industries have been highly supportive of the RAP objectives. Most
     components of the action plan have been accepted locally in principle
     and actions have commenced to implement a number of the
     recommendations.
   * However, the public and local leaders are very frustrated with lack of
     progress and direct support from the federal and provincial
     governments for implementation. In some instances, support has been
     withdrawn. Government commitments are needed, including financial
     resources, baseline operating resources, directly sponsored RAP
     actions and a five-year implementation work plan to maintain clean-up
     momentum and achieve the targets of the 1994 Canada-Ontario Agreement
     Respecting the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem.
   * Full municipal commitment for implementation of recommended actions in
     Stage 2 is conditional on federal and provincial commitments of
     resources and finances.
   * The public expected implementation of cleanup actions to start
     September 17, 1993. The federal government announced that $8.8 million
     will be spent at CFB Trenton over five years to expand the sewage
     treatment plant and collection system, but progress has not been
     effectively demonstrated.
   * In the face of financial reconfiguration by the federal and provincial
     governments plus the withdrawal of funding support to PACs by the
     provincial government, BQ-RAP/IAC is actively restructuring and
     incorporating. BQ-RAP/IAC views restructuring as a proactive strategy
     to promote the implementation work. Under the new structure,
     BQ-RAP/IAC has identified four priorities: (1) community-based,
     action-oriented outreach; (2) partnership building in development and
     implementation; (3) fund-raising; and, (4) advisory and watchdog role.
     BQ-RAP/IAC is also pursuing alignment with other local environmental
     service providers (e.g., Conservation Authorities) to establish a
     permanent "store front" presence at a minimal cost.
   * In 1996, BQ-RAP/IAC released its second implementation monitoring
     report called Concerns for the Future: Public Report #2 on the Cleanup
     of the Bay of Quinte. It contains specific recommendations to enhance
     QRAP implementation including (1) a more active, autonomous, and
     implementation mandated QRAP Implementation Steering Committee, (2)
     greater BQ-RAP/IAC involvement on QRAP Working Groups, (3) greater
     communications, (4) that the QRAP research and monitoring programs be
     maintained, (5) that QRAP prepare strategies to reflect recent changes
     to the provincial Planning Act, (6) specific federal and provincial
     funds to be dedicated to RAP implementation, (7) successful QRAP
     programs such as the Stormwater Quality Program and the Rural Water
     Quality Program be maintained, expanded, and provided multi-year
     support, and (8) the Province of Ontario establish a firm,
     cooperative, and proactive policy regarding RAP implementation to
     provide consistent top-down direction.
      
                           Implementation Outlook
   Sediment Cleanup
Meyer's Pier Site and Sediment Assessment:
     Contaminated soils and sediments have been measured within and nearby
     Meyer's Pier, a site bordering the Bay of Quinte in Belleville.
     Assessment is currently underway. In the first year (already in
     progress) actions will include delineating the area of contamination,
     describing contaminant movement, measuring contaminant levels in
     adjacent sediments, and providing preliminary cleanup options.
     Implementation and site restoration plans are pending final
     assessment; cleanup may be required over a three-year period.
Deseronto Coal Tar Review:
     A preliminary assessment of the Deseronto Coal Tar site was completed
     in the 1994/95 fiscal year. A final report was submitted in 1996 which
     suggests any coal tar deposits in the Bay of Quinte adjacent to the
     former Deseronto coal gasification plant are non-mobile and non-toxic
     to aquatic organisms. A final review and course of action is pending.
Deloro Mine Site Abatement:
     MOEE operates an arsenic treatment facility at the abandoned Deloro
     mine site. As sediments are contaminated in all sites downstream of
     the Deloro plant this is a long-term project. A multi-phase site
     decommissioning program to cap, seal, or remove contaminated soil has
     been proposed and supported by the Quinte RAP Implementation Advisory
     Committee. The estimated cost of Phase 1 of the site decommissioning
     program is $25 million; funding for Phase 1 was approved in 1996. The
     work addresses the impaired uses such as restricted dredging, degraded
     benthos, and fish consumption restrictions.
   Public Education
Environmental Education Manual:
     The Quinte RAP Environmental Education Manual, targeted for
     intermediate years, will be completed in 1996 and distributed to
     schools in the Bay of Quinte watershed. Yearly updates of data will be
     provided to maintain relevant information.
Public Outreach:
     The Quinte AOC is over 17 315 km2 and consists of a diverse set of
     people in areas ranging from urban to rural. To increase partners,
     sustain cleanup, maintain momentum, and maximize promotion, a broad
     range of innovative communication tools have been used. Such tools
     include videos, a mobile trailer display, cable television, radio
     promotions, volunteer and community events, press events, funding
     announcements, and the annual proclamation of Quinte RAP Week. This
     project proposes to maintain this communication program with events
     designed for all sectors of the Quinte AOC community. Implementation
     will include such things as pesticide free lawn signs for urban
     dwellers, tree planting for the rural landowners, and the community
     events such as Wake Up to Your Watershed.
   Fish and Wildlife Monitoring
Habitat Coordinator:
     In 1992, the Quinte RAP Habitat Protection and Wetland Enhancement
     Program was introduced to coordinate actions for the protection and
     restoration of shorelines along the bay. With renewed partnership
     support, this project proposes to continue with the overall
     coordination and technical input required by on-going RAP activities.
     Such activities include the Belleville Marsh restoration, the
     Nearshore Resources Atlas, and the overall strategy for wetland
     protection. The main objectives are to protect Bay of Quinte shoreline
     wetlands, extend actions into the watershed for the protection of
     inshore wetland areas, and create wildlife corridors.
Fisheries Assessment:
     Fisheries health is monitored by the Ontario Ministry of Natural
     Resources (OMNR) Lake Ontario Management Unit at Glenora, Ontario. The
     information will guide remedial actions and help to eventually delist
     the AOC. This project maintains the Unit's work as a component and
     surveillance partner for the AOC on an on-going basis. Studies include
     monitoring of recreational and commercial fisheries, collecting fish
     for contaminant assessment, assessing changes in fish community
     composition, and monitoring changes in fish species diet, growth,
     reproduction, and abundance. The activities assess fishery and
     ecosystem health problems, and provide input on habitat and human
     health protection.
Macrophyte Survey Assessment:
     In the 1994/95 fiscal year, aquatic macrophyte sampling using
     electronic technology was completed. The work provided data to monitor
     ecosystem quality and compared an electronic sampling process to
     labour intensive survey techniques. The project proposes to analyze
     the samples so that the information can be summarized in the annual
     Quinte RAP Monitoring Report. The survey will be conducted every three
     years.
Zebra Mussel Assessment:
     Zebra mussel populations are rising within the Bay of Quinte. To
     assess ecosystem impacts, a model was constructed in 1993. The status
     of zebra mussels was scientifically assessed in 1994. Studies of zebra
     mussel impacts on whitefish recruitment are ongoing.
   Fish and Wildlife Habitat Rehabilitation and Restoration
Wetland / Habitat Program:
     This program encompasses a number of projects designed to enhance
     wetland habitat in the Bay of Quinte area. Its purpose is coordination
     of Quinte RAP shoreline, wetland, and coastal habitat projects.
Belleville - Bayshore East Habitat Rehabilitation:
     The 1.5 km of Belleville's East Bayshore area is to be targeted for
     habitat rehabilitation including a multi-use environment, shoreline
     revegetation and protection, and construction of islands in the
     nearshore zone for additional fish habitat.
Belleville Marsh Restoration:
     Currently, wildlife counts, a preliminary site design, the abatement
     of adjacent industrial properties, wetland evaluation, a water quality
     analysis, and volunteer cleanup work has taken place in Belleville
     Marsh. This project proposes to continue restoration which will
     include a review of the snow disposal site and a design assessment.
     The project's main objectives are to improve wildlife and fish
     habitats, provide recreational and educational opportunities, and to
     receive widespread promotion for action.
Subwatershed Plans - Dead Creek:
     Trenton may expand into parts of Murray Township for future
     development purposes. To direct development and protect natural
     resources, a Subwatershed Plan for Dead Creek was initiated in 1996.
     The work will build on the 1995 State of the Environment Report - Dead
     Creek. The project will develop a plan along Dead Creek to ensure the
     goals of "No Net Increase in pollution inputs" and "No Net Loss in
     fish habitat" are realized. The work will outline areas of
     environmental significance, resource importance, and potential sites
     for growth and development.
Belleville to Pointe Anne - Shoreline Protection Strategy:
     A five-kilometre stretch of shoreline between Belleville and Pointe
     Anne contains all or parts of three provincially significant wetlands,
     an area recommended for Area of Natural and Scientific Interest (ANSI)
     status and an alvar. To protect these shoreline resources, a
     multi-partner team with representatives from local landowners in the
     study area, municipal staff, agency staff, and the Quinte Conservation
     Services Alliance staff was formed in 1995. Cooperatively, the
     partners completed a draft strategy in 1996. The recommendations
     include securement, stewardship, and classification of the alvar.
     Final review and endorsement will be sought in 1996.
Lake Sturgeon Rehabilitation Strategy:
     In 1995, a report summarizing relevant literature and historical
     information on Lake Sturgeon in the Bay of Quinte was prepared. The
     report identified potential sites for rehabilitation and
     reintroduction of spawning habitat. Implementation is pending review,
     discussion of restoration alternatives and environmental approval, and
     assessment of recent reports and sightings of Lake Sturgeon in the Bay
     of Quinte.
   Modelling and Research
Fish Energetics Modelling:
     A food-chain model was constructed in the 1993/94 fiscal year to
     assess top-down impacts. This project proposes to model and review
     previously compiled data to increase the ecosystem knowledge base. The
     main goal is to use this data for planning purposes and to gage
     remediation options.
Health Assessment and Bioassay at Meyer's Pier (Belleville):
     Greater than six kilograms (13 pounds) of arsenic enters the Moira
     River at Deloro daily, in addition to the contamination caused by the
     abandoned coal gasification plant at Belleville (see Meyer's Pier
     Assessment). Contaminants, including PAHs, are migrating from the
     Meyer's Pier property. This project proposes to carry out a human
     health assessment and aquatic bioassay at Meyer's Pier. Human health
     risks will be assessed using existing data; whereas, the bioassay will
     be conducted by field and laboratory work. The main objective is
     provision of information required to assess the recommendations for
     expedited cleanup at the Deloro Mine site and the recommended cleanup
     of the Belleville coal gasification property and Meyer's Pier.
     Preliminary bioassay data was provided in 1996. A final review and
     reporting of that information is pending.
Phosphorus Load Model:
     The project, initiated in 1993, will use a phosphorus loading model
     with GIS (Geographic Information System) software to guide
     implementation decisions, establish a phosphorus loading limit to the
     Bay of Quinte from all sources, and provide input to a permit trading
     system. Phase 3 (model development) and Phase 4 (permit trading
     program) will be completed between 1995 and 1997.
Permit Trading:
     To provide innovative, "market-driven" solutions to achieve and
     maintain the recommended Bay of Quinte RAP phosphorus loading limit, a
     study to assess the feasibility and opportunities for permit trading
     was initiated in 1996. The study includes an review of point to
     non-point source trading, and an optimization model to identify
     potential trades. The action is needed to sustain environmental
     quality, allow innovative economic development to proceed, and to
     provide cost-effective options for municipalities.
Toxic Contaminants in Fish:
     The Quinte RAP Team has developed an extensive toxic contaminant fate
     model to assess toxic contaminants in the Bay of Quinte, update the
     knowledge base, and evaluate MISA targets. Toxic substances include
     arsenic, pentachlorophenol (PCP), dioxin, copper, PCB. This project
     will report on the environmental changes produced by MISA actions and
     regulations, and address a concern regarding mercury uptake in fish.
     Assessing mercury uptake will require additional laboratory and field
     work.
Tumours in Walleye:
     To measure the rate of cancerous tumours in Bay of Quinte walleye, a
     research project was started in 1996. With the support and assistance
     of the Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte - Tyendinaga Territory, adult
     walleye were collected from the Salmon River during the spring 1996
     spawning run. Both adult female and adult male walleye were collected.
     The occurrences of liver tumours will be measured. Final results are
     pending. The information will be compared to a similar action taken in
     the St. Lawrence (Cornwall) RAP area.
Data Management:
     The Bay of Quinte has been the site of research programs since 1972 by
     various scientists and organizations. The advent of the RAP program
     has introduced many more research projects such as shoreline mapping,
     watershed modelling, toxic contaminant modelling, and cleanup
     monitoring. This project involves the formation of a data management
     system to consolidate, update, and maintain the data. Information will
     be used to monitor cleanup, quantify impacts, and eventually used in
     the delisting of the AOC. Work is ongoing.
   Stormwater
Stormwater Quality Program:
     This program was first introduced in 1992 and represents a very
     successful, proactive pollution prevention service to achieve a
     "no-net-increase in pollution loads" from new urban development. To
     achieve this, a unique design and planning consultation service is
     provided, very stringent stormwater quality criteria enforced, and
     innovative technologies introduced, including porous pavement and
     stormwater separators. Currently, this project proposes to extend
     activities to include more municipalities and may pursue
     fee-for-services payment. The main objective is to maintain an
     improved level of environmental quality by preventing new pollution
     inputs.
Belleville - Bayshore East Stormwater:
     The construction of four stormwater treatment facilities to collect
     and treat runoff is proposed. Each facility will have two ponds, one
     retention area, and one wetland area. In 1995, the first facility was
     constructed. Planning and design work is now underway for the
     additional units. From experience gained in a similar Kingston
     project, the overall aesthetics, retention, and treatment capabilities
     will be enhanced for the Belleville project. Constructed wetlands will
     serve to treat the stored water by passing them through the artificial
     marsh, providing cleaner water and enhancing depleted fish habitat.
     This project will be run in accordance with the Quinte RAP Stormwater
     Quality Program.
   Sewage Treatment Plants
Belleville Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) Optimization
     An optimization study for the Belleville STP was completed in 1994.
     The work showed that plant expansion and system upgrades are needed to
     meet the development commitments and the Quinte RAP objective of 0.3
     mg/l of phosphorus in effluent. Phase 1 in 1995/96 included design,
     engineering, upgrades to existing treatment systems, and environmental
     approvals. Planning for implementation and financial structuring also
     commenced in the 1995/96 fiscal year.
CFB Trenton (Wing 8) Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) Upgrade and Sewer
Rehabilitation:
     This project proposes to expand the STP and retrofit sewers at the
     Trenton Canadian Forces Base. Hydraulic overloading, bypassing, and
     the status of the collection system (whether it is combined or broken)
     are key problems which need to be addressed. The possibility of
     funding with various agencies for the remediation of this federal
     facility are being sought. A CPE program was completed in 1995; a
     Comprehensive Technical Assistance (CTA) program is planned for 1996.
Batawa (Sidney Township) Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) CPE Evaluation:
     A CPE was completed in 1996. After reviewing reporting data and
     operations, it was determined that Batawa STP could not achieve, on an
     ongoing basis, the Bay of Quinte RAP effluent target of 0.5 mg/l
     phosphorus concentration. A Comprehensive Technical Assistance (CTA)
     program was recommended.
Peterborough Sewage Treatment Plant and Pollution Control Planning Study:
     A Pollution Control Planning Study (PCPS) was completed in 1993 for
     Peterborough; options for upgrading the STP and implementing the study
     recommendations are to be considered in 1996.
   Environmental Quality Monitoring
Tracking Implementation:
     Quinte RAP implementation is currently underway on many fronts such as
     capital work upgrades, pollution prevention actions, and restoration
     projects. The Bay of Quinte RAP is reviewing mechanisms to track
     progress. A watershed loading model has been developed to predict
     changes in phosphorus loadings to the Bay of Quinte as a result of
     corrective actions. The information can be employed to review site
     specific changes relative to cumulative impact and to determine
     ecosystem response to remedial activities.
Annual Monitoring Reports:
     The Bay of Quinte RAP summarizes monitoring data in its Annual
     Monitoring Report series. Six reports covering the period 1988 to 1994
     have been produced. The information is a summary of the scientific
     research to assess ecosystem changes. In recent years, the report has
     been expanded to include zebra mussel monitoring and point source
     loadings of phosphorus from sewage treatment plants.
Project Quinte:
     Project Quinte has been researching components of the Bay of Quinte
     ecosystem since 1972. The ongoing database provides vital information
     about trends and changes in the quality of the ecosystem. Although
     reduced in scope, the work is ongoing.
   Agriculture
Rural Water Quality Program:
     As noted, a Quinte RAP Agricultural Diffuse Source Control Strategy
     was successfully introduced in 1993. The program combined the
     provincial Cleanup Rural Beaches (CURB) program, the federal Wetlands,
     Woodlands, and Wildlife program and other cleanup initiatives to
     provide a comprehensive rural cleanup effort. With renewed and
     expanded partnership support, the Quinte RAP Agricultural Diffuse
     Source Control Strategy will continue to work with the agriculture and
     rural communities to implement cleanup actions, improve agricultural
     practices, protect and restore riparian and upland habitats, and
     extend actions into additional parts of the watershed.
                                Publications
Reports:
  1. Bay of Quinte Remedial Action Plan "Time to Decide" - A Discussion
     Paper. September 1989.
  2. The Public Advisory Committee Report, 1990. April 1990.
  3. Stage 1, Environmental Setting and Problem Definition. July 1990.
  4. Stage 2, Time to Act. September 1993.
  5. 1992 Project Quinte Annual Report. Monitoring Report No. 4. March
     1994.
  6. Quinte RAP Spring 1994 Newsletter - special issue on toxic
     contaminants. August 1994.
  7. Technical Report No. 10. Feasibility of Re-establishing Aquatic
     Macrophytes in the Bay of Quinte. (to be completed).
  8. Quinte RAP Fall 1994 Newsletter - special issue on wetlands.
  9. Technical Report No. 17. MISA - BATEA Assessment for the Bay of
     Quinte. February 1995.
 10. Technical Report No. 18. 1994 Aquatic Macrophyte Survey (pending
     approval to release).
 11. 1993 Project Quinte Annual Report . Monitoring Report #5. March 1995.
 12. QRAP-IAC Annual Report on Implementation Progress. Report #1. June
     1995.
 13. Bay of Quinte RAP Newsletter "RAP on the Bay". Spring 1995.
 14. Provincial response to Stage 2 Report. July 1995.
 15. Federal response to Stage 2 Report. August 1995.
 16. 1994 Project Quinte Annual Report - Monitoring Report #6. March 1996.
 17. Quinte RAP Fall 1995 Newsletter.
 18. Quinte RAP Spring 1996 Newsletter - 1995 Bay of Quinte Highlights.
Papers:
  1. Stride, F.A., M. German, D. Hurley, S. Millard, C.K. Minns, K.
     Nicholls, G. Owen, D.J. Poulton, and N. de Gues. 1992. An overview of
     the modeling and public consultation processes used to develop the Bay
     of Quinte Remedial Action Plan. In J.H. Hartig and M.A. Zarull (ed.)
     Under RAPs: Toward Grassroots Ecological Democracy in the Great Lakes
     Basin. University of Michigan Press. Ann Arbor.
  2. Poulton, D.J. 1992. Heavy metals and toxic organic contaminants in
     effluents, water, sediments of the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario. J.
     Great Lakes Res. 18(3): 390-404.
  3. Diamond, M.L., D. Mackay, D.J. Poulton and F.A. Stride. 1994.
     Development of a Mass Balance Model of the Fate of 17 Chemicals in the
     Bay of Quinte. J. Great Lakes Res. 20(4): 643-666.
  4. Minns, C.K. 1995. Approaches to assessing and managing cumulative
     ecosystem change with the Bay of Quinte as a case study: an essay. J.
     Aquatic Ecosystem Health. 4:1-24.
  5. MacLoed, W.D., C.K. Minns, A. Mathers and S. Mee. 1995. An evaluation
     of biotic indices and habitat suitability scores for classifying
     littoral habitats. Can. Manuscript Report of Fish. and Aquatic Sci.
     Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Burlington.
  6. Diamond, M.L., D. MacKay, D.J. Poulton and F.A. Stride. 1996.
     Assessing chemical behavior and developing remedial actions using a
     mass balance model of chemical fate in the Bay of Quinte. Water Res.
     30: 405-421.
         ---------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------
An evaluation
     of biotic indices and habitat suitability scores for classifying
     littoral habitats. Can. Manuscript Report of Fish. and Aquatic Sci.
     Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Burlington.
  6. Diamond, M.L., D. MacKay, D.J. Poulton and F.A. Stride. 1996.
     Assessing chemical behavior and developing remedial actions using a
     mass balance model of chemical fate in the Bay of Quinte. Water Res.
     30: 405-421.
         ---------------------------------------------------------
----------
  6. Diamond, M.L., D. MacKay, D.J. Poulton and F.A. Stride. 1996.
     Assessing chemical behavior and developing remedial actions using a
     mass balance model of chemical fate in the Bay of Quinte. Water Res.
     30: 405-421.
         ---------------------------------------------------------
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collingwood
-G*Collingwood Harbour Remedial Action Plan 
Background
Collingwood Harbour is situated on the south shore of Nottawasaga Bay,
which constitutes the southern extension of Lake Huron's Georgian Bay. The
harbour is surrounded by the Town of Collingwood, which has a permanent
resident population of 14,685. The harbour includes a wetland complex, a
wastewater treatment plant outfall, marina, grain terminal, and former
shipyards. In the past, high nutrient levels resulted in excessive aquatic
plant growth. In November 1994, Collingwood Harbour became the first Area
of Concern in North America to be delisted.
                                         RAP Status
   *	In November 1994, Collingwood Harbour became the first Area of 
	Concern in North America to be delisted. The Stage 3 Document was
	submitted to the federal and provincial environment Ministers in June 
	1994. The IJC received the document in August 1994, and in 
	November, 1994, the Federal and Provincial Governments delisted 
	Collingwood Harbour, in concordance with the IJC.
	---------------------------------------------------------
		Community Perspective
   * 	"Collingwood has completed the work necessary to remove it from the
	list of Areas of Concern around the Great Lakes." This news was
	received in the fall of 1994, after six years of work by the
	Collingwood Harbour Public Advisory Committee (PAC), working with 	the Remedial Action Plan (RAP) Team.
   * 	It is interesting to note that Collingwood is the first and only area
    	to receive this designation. There are forty-two other areas in both
     	Canada and United States trying to achieve this objective. 	
	Collingwood has led the way. This is just another example of the 
	people of Collingwood setting goals and taking actions to achieve
	them.
   * 	The Environment Network is a storefront facility, generated from the
     	RAP. The Network continues the community environmental restoration
     	work begun by the PAC. The Network's newest program, the 
	"Greening" of Collingwood, operates several programs including 
	Green Home Tune-Ups, which provide an environmental assessment 
	of the home, and Xeroscaped Gardens, which demonstrate water 
	conservation and the use of native plant species. The Network 
	provides education with an environmental slant, both in schools and 
	with the public at large. The Environmental Resource Library, located 
	at the Network, provides comprehensive environmental information 
	and is open to the public five days a week.
   * 	The work begun by the RAP/PAC in Collingwood Harbour and Black Ash
	Creek also continues. A boulder placement project in the Harbour
	provides protection for bass, wetland exclosure pods protect new
	plants from disturbance, and bioengineering work in Black Ash Creek
	stops stream bank erosion and enhances fish habitat.
   * 	Delisting does mean de-funding, so new opportunities must be 
	explored. It is now critical that the Environment Network move 
	towards self sustainability. The "Greening of Collingwood" is a 
	program offering sound economic benefits. Jobs are created within
	the programs, but also have spin-off effects of job creation within the 
	community. Because of Green Home Tune-Ups, work in the 
	construction trade increases as residents improve the comfort of their 
	homes. Retail sales of home products also rise. Financial institutions 
	are aggressively targeting this growth market by offering low interest
	loans to recipients of these Tune-Ups. The result of all this is the
	circulation of money within the community and an improved 
	environment.
   * 	The Network will continue to seek financial opportunities together
     	with the many local partners that have been established. The more
     	diversified and interconnected the partnerships, the more resilient
     	the organization.
The "evolving" mission statement of the Network is:
The Environment Network of Collingwood motivates environmental restoration
through community work. The Network is committed to preventing
environmental problems by the sharing of knowledge, demonstration, and
action.
                           Implementation Outlook
All of the short-term remedial actions in the Stage 2 Document are being
implemented, with the exception of the relocation of the STP outfall. This
option will be reviewed pending the results of long-term monitoring
programs and sustainability of other actions in restoring water quality.
Black Ash Creek Rehabilitation:
     The continuation of this project is planned in the years 95/96 and
     96/97.
Harbour Habitat Rehabilitation:
     Begun in 1993, the remaining aspects of this project are planned for
     the years 95/96 and 96/97.
Environmental Quality Monitoring
Since previous monitoring has confirmed the Harbour's improvement in water
quality, a reduced sampling protocol is planned for the future. Monitoring
will ensure that the STP continues to optimize phosphorus removal by a
sampling at two harbour stations from June to October. Activities also
include benthic enumeration, sediment bioassays and chemical analysis, and
volunteer fish and wildlife monitoring networks.
Sewage Treatment Plants
Long term remedial actions include the following possibilities: tertiary
treatment at the STP, diversion of industrial dischargers from the STP,
expanded pre-treatment of effluent by industries, development of new and
innovative technologies at STP and industries.
Public Education
Greening of Collingwood:
     The "Greening of Collingwood" was initiated in June 1993 and
     Collingwood was the first community in Ontario to implement
     comprehensive green-home visits. Such visits involve feedback on
     energy and water efficiency, waste reduction, hazardous product
     alternatives, alternate landscaping, and other pollution prevention
     components. Currently, the Action Plan Teams include Resource
     Conservation and Protection, Land Use Planning, Growth Management
     (transportation sector, green business opportunities, municipal
     planning), and Consumer Education. Funding for the continuation of
     this project is planned over the three- year period from 1995/96 to
     1997/98
Industrial Pollution Prevention Strategy:
     This project proposes to involve industry in the promotion of
     pollution prevention with an emphasis on public education. The first
     year involved the hiring of a consultant to examine opportunities and
     develop proposals for the Green Industry Strategy. In the second year,
     technologies already in-place after the first year will be evaluated.
     Implementation is being planned for the years 1995/96 and 1996/97.
The Environment Network of Collingwood:
     In September 1993, the RAP and PAC Inc. opened an implementation
     centre called The Environment Network of Collingwood to house the
     habitat rehabilitation projects, the "Greening of Collingwood",
     workshops and seminars, an Environmental Resource and Outreach
     Centre, and administrative support for the PAC and the Collingwood 
     Harbour Action Team. In addition to providing a central location for all the
     RAP/PAC initiatives and projects, the resource centre provides general
     information about environmental challenges and concerns, programs and
     opportunities offered by numerous agencies, and specific updates on
     the status of local environmental issues. A Pollution Prevention Plan
     for the municipality is to be completed with a proposal to initiate
     training sessions in 1995.
                                Publications
Published:
  1.  Water Quality and Sediment Quality Evaluation for Collingwood Harbour
       1974-1987. Beak Consultants. RAP Report. November 1988.
  2.  Collingwood Harbour Remedial Action Plan, Stage 1: Environmental
       Conditions and Problem Definition. March 1989.
  3.  Collingwood Harbour Sediment Bioassays and Sediment Core Chemistry,
       1988-1989. G. Krantzberg. MOEE Report. June 1989.
  4.  Making Choices: Discussion Paper on Remedial Options. March 1991.
  5.  Socioeconomic Profile of the Town of Collingwood. Keir Consultants.
       RAP Report. July 1991.
  6.  A Delisting Strategy for Collingwood Harbour. A Preferred Options
       Position Paper. September 1991.
  7.  Collingwood Harbour Mussel Biomonitoring. G. Krantzberg. RAP Report.
       October 1991.
  8.  Collingwood Harbour Water Quality Modelling. Gore and Storrie
       Consultants. RAP Report. November 1991.
  9.  Preferred Options, Implementation Framework and Delisting Criteria.
       December 1991.
 10. The Collingwood Harbour Stage 2 Document: A Delisting Strategy. August
       1992.
 11. The Facts on the Clean-Up of Collingwood Harbour. M. Zegarac, 
       November 1992.
 12. The Collingwood Harbour Stage 2 Implementation Annex: Partnerships in
       Action. G. Krantzberg. July 1993.
 13. Modelling the Effects of Shoreline Modification on Collingwood Harbour
       Water Quality. Gore and Storrie. June 1992.
 14. Collingwood Harbour: Planning for the Future. Report of the Coastline
       Development and Sustainability Subcommittee to the Collingwood Town
       Council. January 1994.
 15. Harbour Habitat Assessment. J. Collis and J. Proud. RAP Environmental
       Status Report. January 1994.
 16. Biological and Chemical Assessment of Collingwood Harbour Sediment, 
       G. Krantzberg. Environmental Status Report. January 1994.
 17. Meeting Biological and Chemical Targets for Collingwood Harbour
       Sediment. G. Krantzberg. 1994. ISBN 0-7778-2698-6.
 18. Black Ash Creek Rehabilitation Project, Implementation Report. F.
       Dobbs and R. Grillmayer. May 1994. ISBN 0-7778- 2698-4.
 19. The Collingwood Harbour RAP Stage 3 Document, Right on Target. G.
       Krantzberg, the Collingwood Harbour Action Team and Public Advisory
       Committee. June 1994. ISBN 0-7778-2756- 5.
 20. Water Quality Monitoring, Collingwood Harbour, 1989-1994. G.
       Krantzberg. June 1994.
 21. The Greening of Collingwood, Strategic Action Plan. 1994. J. Proud and
       M. Rich. Environment Network of Collingwood.
 22. A Bioengineering Approach to Stream Rehabilitation and Habitat
       Creation, Black Ash Creek, Collingwood, Ontario. Gail Krantzberg, Fred
       Dobbs, and Richard Grillmayer. 1995. Proceedings: National Symposium
       on using Ecological Restoration to Meet Clean Water Act Goals.
       Chicago. May 1995.
 23. Using the Burden of Evidence Approach for Sediment Management; Case
       Study: Collingwood Harbour. Gail Krantzberg, Ecovision. 1995
 M. Rich. Environment Network of Collingwood.
 22. A Bioengineering Approach to Stream Rehabilitation and Habitat
     Creation, Black Ash Creek, Collingwood, Ontario. Gail Krantzberg, Fred
     Dobbs, and Richard Grillmayer. 1995. Proceedings: National Symposium
     on using Ecological Restoration to Meet Clean Water Act Goals.
     Chicago. May 1995.
 23. Using the Burden of Evidence Approach for Sediment Management; Case
     Study: Collingwood Harbour. Gail Krantzberg, Ecovision. 1995
sion. 1995
Dobbs, and Richard Grillmayer. 1995. Proceedings: National Symposium
     on using Ecological Restoration to Meet Clean Water Act Goals.
     Chicago. May 1995.
 23. Using the Burden of Evidence Approach for Sediment Management; Case
     Study: Collingwood Harbour. Gail Krantzberg, Ecovision. 1995
detroit river
$)]'Detroit River Remedial Action Plan 
Background
The Detroit River is a 51km international connecting channel linking Lake
St.Clair to Lake Erie. Nine beneficial use impairments have been identified
in the Detroit River. The known causes of impairments include urban and industrial development in the watershed, bacteria, PCBs, PAHs, metals, and oils and greases. Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and municipal and industrial discharges are major sources of contaminants within the Area of Concern (AOC). Stormwater runoff and tributaries in Michigan are also major sources of contaminants. Additional environmental concerns include exotic species, changes in the fish community structure, and reductions in wildlife populations.
                             RAP Report Status
   * The Stage 2 RAP is being developed cooperatively with Michigan to
     produce a document that will meet both the requirements for biennial
     reporting for Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, and the
     requirements of a Stage 2 document for COA. The first such document
     was submitted to the IJC in August 1996.
   * In November 1996, the Detroit River Area of Concern was the first of a
     new series of site visits to be undertaken by the IJC Commissioners to
     assess progress and evaluate challenges to restoring beneficial uses.
     The Commissioners met with several stakeholder groups and will
     conclude their assessment in the winter of 1996.
   * Currently, there is no Detroit River RAP Coordinator position in the
     Ministry of Environment and Energy. There is a contact person,
     however, in MOEE's Windsor District Office.
   * The membership of the Binational Public Advisory Council (BPAC) was
     increased during Stage 2 to 50 members, 25 from each of Ontario and
     Michigan. RAP TEAM and BPAC meetings have been held jointly using a
     facilitator at key points in the Stage 2 process (goals setting,
     document review, and recommendation prioritization).
   * The IJC review of the Stage 1 Document released in May, 1992 agreed
     with and supported the COA qualifiers that dealt with; fish and
     wildlife habitat, bird or animal deformities, and sources of
     contaminants.
         ---------------------------------------------------------
                           Community Perspectives
   * BPAC membership reflects a number of varied representatives of the
     public. This includes membership from industry, academia, the
     recreational community, environmentalists, labour, health care, local
     governments, and the public at large.
   * BPAC has helped develop a draft Biennial Report/ Recommended Plan
     through a series of facilitated workshops. Discussion at these
     workshops has often been heated and confrontational, but for the most
     part, consensus has been reached.
General Public
   * In Canada, the general public is very responsive to the issues of the
     Detroit River RAP and is very supportive of it. Requests for
     information and easier access to that information are received
     regularly at public displays and events. People are willing to become
     involved and add their names to RAP mailing lists.
   * Good water quality is a high priority with the general public;
     however, concerns are not always directly related to the RAP. The
     water quality of Lake St. Clair and the associated weed problem is an
     example of this.
   * Recreational uses of the river are extremely important to the
     binational community. Use and/or abuse of islands and other resources
     is a constant concern of the public.
   * Over the last four years public interest in and awareness of the RAP
     has increased significantly. Questions and feedback have become more
     specific in nature.
                           Implementation Outlook
The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ), as lead agency for
the development of the Detroit River RAP, initiated a "streamlined" RAP
process which deviates from the writing of documents corresponding to
formal stages, to a process of documenting RAP progress in biennial
reports. The 1996 Biennial Report, the first under this new process, was
intended to be considered the COA Stage 2 Recommended Plan. The next
Biennial Report is intended to meet the COA requirements for a complete
Stage 2 report (including an Implementation Annex).
As the focus of the RAP is now moving from planning to implementation, a
new framework for delivery is being developed by the agencies and the BPAC.
This framework will ensure that the goals and recommendations of the RAP
are met.
MDEQ forwarded the first Biennial Report to the IJC in August 1996.
Concurrent to RAP development, initiatives and programs are proceeding on
the Ontario side which will address several of the issue areas (i.e. City
of Windsor's Pollution Control Planning Study to address combined sewer
overflows (CSOs), the MISA program addressing sector point source
discharges, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) Candidate Sites Program
addressing habitat rehabilitation/enhancement).
   Sediment Cleanup
Trenton Channel Project:
     The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality and the U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency are undertaking the Trenton Channel
     project which involves developing a fate and transport mass balance
     model and delineating the scope and volume of hotspot areas.
   Fish and Wildlife Habitat Rehabilitation and Restoration
Crystal Bay Island:
     Crystal Bay Island is one of 20 sites identified as a candidate for
     habitat rehabilitation and enhancement. A steering committee will
     develop a plan for the remediation of the island which will also
     include identifying responsible parties to monitor use of the island,
     rehabilitation protocols, public outreach, funding partners, and
     monitoring activities. This project is to be implemented in 1995/96
     and 1996/97.
Windsor Salt River Front Rehabilitation:
     This project is to be initiated in 96/97, and involves the fish and
     wildlife habitat rehabilitation of 1km of shoreline along the Detroit
     River (Ontario side). The implementation will include a shoreline
     park, removal of salt stored along the shoreline, a marsh area, a
     channel to improve water flow, and the creation of islands to increase
     fish habitat.
Riparian Habitat:
     This project proposes to rehabilitate or protect riparian habitat on
     Turkey Creek, Little River, and the Canard River Tributaries.
     Implementation will include water quality improvement, the creation of
     a habitat linkage, the creation of buffers between water courses and
     human activity, tree planting, increasing biodiversity, community
     involvement, and public awareness programs.
Little River Greenbelt Cleanup and Stream Enhancement:
     This project proposes to rehabilitate ecosystem function and
     structure, including the rehabilitation or protection of riparian
     habitat. Activities will include the establishment of greenbelts by
     tree planting, developing nature trails, clearing garbage and debris
     from waterways, bank stabilization (bio-engineering demonstration
     project), and educational promotion of the project.
Turkey Creek Greenbelt Cleanup and Stream Enhancement:
     This project proposes to rehabilitate ecosystem function, protect or
     rehabilitate riparian habitat, and to rehabilitate the structure of
     self-sustaining native biological communities. Implementation
     activities will include stream enhancement, the removal or
     stabilization of contaminated sediment, bio-engineered bank
     stabilization, establishment of a greenbelt and nature trail,
     monitoring of fish and water quality, and the involvement of community
     groups.
Agriculture
Conservation Tillage Project:
     This project focuses on reducing stress to land, water, and bios in
     tributaries to the Detroit River. Implementation will include reducing
     non-point source pollution, improving water quality, reducing soil
     erosion, implementation of land management practices, educating
     landowners, and improving wildlife habitat.
Agriculture / Septic System Pollution Reduction Demonstration Subwatershed
Program:
     Activities relate to upper areas of the Little River, the Canard
     River, and Turkey Creek. Actions will include improved water quality,
     educating landowners about septic tank maintenance, informing farmers
     about livestock waste management, and implementing water quality
     monitoring programs.
   Stormwater
Demonstration of Subwatershed Management Plans for the Little and Canard
Rivers:
     This project proposes to improve degraded benthos and fish and
     wildlife habitat by controlling sediment from non-point sources. The
     main objectives are to implement a sub-watershed plan, public
     education regarding agricultural issues, improve soil structure,
     reduce non-point sources of pollution, reduce soil erosion, monitor
     water quality, and improve wildlife habitat.
Little River and Turkey Creek Demonstration of Stormwater Ponds and
Wetlands
     This is a stormwater project aimed at improving fish and wildlife
     habitat. Activities include, excavation of stormwater retention ponds,
     planting almost 40 ha of wetland vegetation, monitoring water quality,
     signage and promotion, and programs for community involvement.
                                Publications
  1. Detroit River Remedial Action Plan - Stage 1 - June 1991.
  2. Newsletters (Issues #1-#5); #5 - Spring, 1992.
  3. Detroit River AOC Technical Options Study Report - April 1993.
  4. Environmental Assessment of Detroit River Sediments and Benthic
     Macroinvertebrate Communities 1991 - June 1993.
            
                                Publications
  1. Detroit River Remedial Action Plan - Stage 1 - June 1991.
  2. Newsletters (Issues #1-#5); #5 - Spring, 1992.
  3. Detroit River AOC Technical Options Study Report - April 1993.
  4. Environmental Assessment of Detroit River Sediments and Benthic
     Macroinvertebrate Communities 1991 - June 1993.
     une 1993.
                                                       1993.
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hamilton harbour
&Hamilton Harbour Remedial Action Plan
Background
Hamilton Harbour lies at the western  edge of Lake Ontario and its 500 km2
watershed is drained by three main tributaries (Grindstone, Red Hill and Spencer Creeks).  Six municipalities and a population of over half a million reside in the watershed.  Canals and in-filling of twenty-five per cent of the original bay have eliminated seventy-five per cent of the original wetlands, protected inlets and shallow areas.  The Niagara Escarpment and Cootes Paradise are two prominent natural features in the area.  On the southern shores, a deep-water port supports the largest concentration of iron and steel industries in Canada, while the upper reaches of the watershed have a mixture of rural and urban land uses.  Major causes of impairments include:  point and non-point source pollution; contaminated sediments; combined sewer overflows; loss of shoreline access; degradation or loss of fish and wildlife habitat.
RAP Report Status
The RAP Stage 2 Report (The Plan) was formally submitted to the federal and provincial governments in February of 1993.
Formal responses from the federal and provincial governments were issued in November of 1994.  These were appended to the Stage 2 Report in an Implementation Annex with a foreword highlighting evidence of strong private-sector commitments to the plan.  The combined documentation (Stage 2 Report and Implementation Annex) was forwarded to the International Joint Commission for review and comment in early 1996.
In December of 1995, a RAP Sediment Remediation Strategy was published, constituting the first Update to the Stage 2 Report.
In 1997, the International Joint Commission initiated a site assessment of the Hamilton Harbour RAP.    
Community Perspectives
The Bay Area Restoration Council (BARC) is the organization through which public involvement in the Hamilton Harbour RAP is facilitated.  This group has a membership of 175 people (1997).  General membership meetings are held quarterly and complemented by an annual workshop and annual general meeting.  BARC's main purpose as stated in its articles of incorporation is "the promoting, monitoring and assessing of the implementation of plans for the environmental protection and restoration of Hamilton Harbour as outlined in the Hamilton Harbour Remedial Action Plan".  BARC and the RAP Co-ordination office issue a joint newsletter four times per year reporting on their activities and community issues of interest.
BARC issues an annual report entitled "Toward Safe Harbours" which describes the status of implementation, commends good work and recommends improvements in areas where it considers these to be necessary.  
BARC also facilitates volunteer involvement in implementation projects such as the marsh restoration at Cootes Paradise;  the watershed stewardship project;  the yellow-fish road project and others.
Implementors of specific projects also make efforts to ensure public awareness and involvement in their work.  For example,  McMaster University obtained research funds from a federal granting agency to focus the work of 31 professors and 85 students on Eco-Research supporting the RAP, and as part of this project held frequent seminars to which members of BARC and the public were invited.  The Royal Botanical Gardens involves its members in marsh restoration work and has conducted a fund-raising campaign to raise over $2 million from the community for this purpose.   
Implementation Outlook
Progress to date - 1997
Estimated costs for implementing the RAP, at the low end of the range of cost estimates,  are in the order of $800 to $900 million, with the majority of the costs falling upon municipalities for combined sewer overflow control and sewage treatment upgrading.  This total includes both capital costs and increases in operating costs associated with more stringent effluent criteria for municipalities;  capital costs for habitat restoration and sediment remediation; and monitoring, research and management costs.
In the period from 1970 to 1990, an estimated $600 million was spent (in 1990 dollars) to restore the harbour.  If the RAP-estimated $800 million expenditure were to be spread over the period between 1990 and 2010, it would represent an increase in expenditure of about 1/3 of the amount spent over the previous 20-year period.
Since 1990, about $20 million has been spent on habitat restoration, resulting in the creation of new habitat islands; submerged habitat; trails and viewing stations at five locations around the harbour and in Cootes Paradise marsh.  The marsh restoration is a key to this project.  In 1997 the water clarity in the marsh improved dramatically due to successful Carp exclusion,  a new combined sewer overflow tank upstream, and other factors.  This resulted in an "explosion" of vegetation, a sign of progress which was very encouraging to the many volunteers and staff working on that project.
About  $53 million has been spent by Hamilton-Wentworth Region to remediate combined sewer overflows by building tanks to hold back excess flow.  Five tanks have been built (of a total of 12 tanks and one tunnel needed to complete the CSO network) and the Region estimates a 45% reduction in the volume of CSO's as a result of this work.  Beaches were opened in 1993 for the first time in 50 years in the West end at Bayfront Park, largely as a result of the combined sewer overflow tanks upstream.
Halton Region is in the process of optimizing its Skyway Sewage Treatment Plant which discharges into the Harbour with the result that effluent quality meets RAP initial targets fairly reliably.  This has meant additional sludge production, and increased operating costs of $300 to $500K per year to haul, store and manage sludge.
Over $4 million has been spent on experimental sediment remediation technologies and preparatory work for a sediment removal and treatment project near Randle Reef adjacent to the Stelco docks. 
Industry estimates expenditures exceeding $76 million since 1990 for projects that reduce contaminant inputs into Hamilton Harbour.
Conservation Authorities and Municipalities around the harbour are preparing watershed management plans for the Spencer, Red Hill and Grindstone Creeks at costs exceeding  $1.4 million in total.  This will assist the RAP stakeholders in developing a strategy to influence land-use planning so that it supports RAP goals.
Public access to the harbour shoreline has increased from about 2% in 1986 to about 16% in 1997, with the goal of ultimately reaching 25%.  Much of this is due to the creation of Bayfront Park by the City of Hamilton at a cost of over $2 million to the City and $7 million to MOE for soil remediation.
Monitoring, research and management in support of all harbour-related issues by all parties can be estimated at roughly $1 million per year.
As of 1997, the sum of  total expenditures for all parties since 1990  is estimated at more than  $175 million.   
Challenges:
Despite progress as noted above, total discharges to the harbour of phosphorus, ammonia and suspended solids remain at levels that are still not meeting RAP initial targets.  The primary implementation focus is therefore shifting toward sources of these substances, and the largest and most manageable source is the Woodward Avenue sewage treatment plant.  Efforts to sustain the level of spending that will be required to optimize this plant are expected to be the focus of RAP efforts in the late 1990's.   
Sediment remediation remains a very high priority, with the proposed removal and treatment of 20,000 cubic metres of contaminated sediment considered essential to de-listing and remediating the area.  Action at this site in 1998 is now proposed by all parties, but there remain some financial and technical issues still to resolve.
Further Information:
A  "Projects and Studies Guide" is updated every two years by the RAP office.  This was complemented in 1995 by a GIS data base showing all monitoring, surveillance and research related to the RAP which was under way at the time in the watershed.   The data base is available on disk through the RAP office.
Partners
Environment Canada
Ontario Ministry of Environment & Energy
Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth
Regional Municipality of Halton
Fisheries & Oceans Canada
City of Burlington
City of Hamilton
Halton Region Conservation Authority
Hamilton Region Conservation Authority
Hamilton Harbour Commission
Stelco
Dofasco
Royal Botanical Gardens
McMaster University
Bay Area Restoration Council (BARC)
note:  BARC has 175 members including boat clubs, naturalists, environmental groups, educational groups and ratepayers groups
Publications
1.Stage 1 Report:  Remedial Action Plan for Harbour Environmental Conditions and Problem Definition.  March 1989.
2.Remedial Action Plan for Harbour.  Goals, Problems and Options.  Discussion Document. March 1988.
3.Draft Preferred Options Report for Harbour. 1988.
4.The Remedial Action Plan (RAP) for Harbour - Stage 2A. July 1991.
5.Draft Stage 2A Report for Public Consultation. January 1992.
6.Report on the Public Consultation for the Stage 2A Report. April 1992.
7.Final Stage 2 Report (to COA RAP Steering Committee).  November 1992.
8.Second Edition of the Stage 1 Report "Environmental Conditions and Problem Definition".  October 1992.
9.The 1994 Projects and Studies Guide update.
10.Stage 2:  Annex A "Formal Implementation Commitments" (Governments of Canada and Ontario).  March 1995.
11.Remedial Action Plan for Hamilton Harbour - 1995 Update to the HHRAP Stage 2 Report "Contaminated Sediment in Hamilton Harbour".  December 1995.
websites:  www.cciw.ca/glimr/raps
                 www.cciw.ca/glimr/barc
Life Sciences Building
McMaster University
Hamilton, ON
L8S 4K1
ph:  (905)525-9140  ext. 27405
fax:  (905)522-6066
e-mail:  barc@mcmaster.ca
website:  www.cciw.ca/glimr/barc
rea Restoration Council
Life Sciences Building
McMaster University
Hamilton, ON
L8S 4K1
ph:  (905)525-9140  ext. 27405
fax:  (905)522-6066
e-mail:  barc@mcmaster.ca
website:  www.cciw.ca/glimr/barc
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jackfish bay
Jackfish Bay Remedial Action Plan 
Background
Jackfish Bay is located along the north shore of Lake Superior,
approximately 250 km northeast of Thunder Bay and covers a surface area of
approximately 6.4 km2. The Area of Concern consists of the 14 km reach of
Blackbird Creek between the Kimberly-Clark Canada Inc. pulp mill and
Jackfish Bay, including Lake A, Moberly Lake, and Jackfish Bay itself.
Blackbird Creek has received the wastewater discharge from the mill since
1948, and both Lake A and Moberly Lake have experienced significant in
filling with wood fiber and other solids. Kimberly-Clark effluent,
non-point sources (including atmospheric deposition), in-place sediment
contamination (from Kimberly-Clark), and spills contribute to the use
impairments. 
                             RAP Report Status
   * A draft options paper has been completed. The Stage 2 Report will be
     complete this winter.
         ---------------------------------------------------------
                           Community Perspectives
   * The RAP is well known and has considerable public support in the area.
                           Implementation Outlook
   Fish and Wildlife Habitat Rehabilitation and Restoration
Lake Trout Spawning Habitat Assessment/Restoration
     Area residents and local MNR staff have indicated that prior to being
     impacted by the effluent of Kimberly-Clark, Jackfish Bay provided
     several areas of quality lake trout spawning habitat. Kimberly-Clark
     has improved effluent quality and is presently proposing a habitat
     assessment, after which remediation strategies to rehabilitate
     degraded lake trout will be considered. A recent survey has indicated
     that habitat is not a limiting factor to fish populations in Jackfish
     Bay.
   Modelling and Research
Contaminant Uptake by Aquatic Vegetation
     In support of identifying options suitability, Lakehead University has
     been studying contaminant uptake in aquatic vegetation established in
     sediments taken from Lake C. One of the options identified for Lake C
     involves the establishment of aquatic vegetation to stabilize
     sediment. This research is now complete and has found that flora can
     make some contaminants available to the food chain, at least to a
     limited extent.
   Industry
Kimberly-Clark
     Compliance with the 1995 AOX requirement of 1.5 kg/tonne air dried
     pulp is marginal. It is estimated that the mill will have to spend up
     to $17.3 million in order to comply with the AOX limits.
Lake 'A' Berm Repair
     Recently, a berm diverting mill effluent away from Lake A was
     breached, allowing effluent to re-enter the lake. Kimberly-Clark has
     repaired this berm and has removed an old barge that was previously
     used for dredging the area.
   Public Education
Innovative Ecosystem Monitoring
     Monitoring to determine effectiveness of remedial actions is costly,
     is often abandoned in times of constraint, is focused upon action to
     restore localized, site specific impairments, and usually does not
     address ecosystem response to rehabilitation actions. An exception is
     the Lake Superior LakeWatch program which is cost-effective,
     integrative, public-supported, and conducted by volunteers.
     The proposed candidates for an ecosystem data base include ecosystem
     based measures (eg. number of song birds, arrival date of loons, catch
     from fishing derbies) which also respond to local remediation.
     Assessment at AOCs commonly measure finite parameters (eg.
     concentration of PAHs, sediment properties). Proposed monitoring is
     inclusive and uses programs, interest, and expertise developed in
     public clubs, groups, and schools. This program will provide
     effective, low cost monitoring because in-place programs will be
     utilized. Effort will be directed at screening candidate measures,
     organizing public groups and ecosystem monitoring programs in-place,
     and creating a five-AOC, Lake Superior data base.
                                Publications
Published:
  1. Jackfish Bay Remedial Action Plan Stage 1 Report: Environmental
     Conditions and Problem Definition. October 1991.
  2. RAP Report #12-18. Bulletins prepared January - August 1992.
  3. Summary Newsletter of the North Shore Lake Superior RAPs. October
     1993.
  4. Tech. Report # 17. North Shore of Lake Superior RAP Public Involvement
     Programs: A Review. October 1993.
  5. Jackfish Bay RAP Options Discussion Paper (draft).
    cussion Paper (draft).
                                   Problem Definition. October 1991.
  2. RAP Report #12-18. Bulletins prepared January - August 1992.
  3. Summary Newsletter of the North Shore Lake Superior RAPs. October
     1993.
  4. Tech. Report # 17. North Shore of Lake Superior RAP Public Involvement
     Programs: A Review. October 1993.
  5. Jackfish Bay RAP Options Discussion Paper (draft).
              draft).
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metro toronto
@Metro Toronto and Region Remedial Action Plan 
Background
The Metro Toronto and Region RAP (MTR RAP) contains six major watersheds - including the Humber, Don, and Rouge Rivers, and the waterfront. With over three million people in an area of about 2000 square kilometres, the greatest challenge in the area is urbanization. Extensive urbanization and continued growth pressures in the area have contributed to the use impairments. Polluted stormwater runoff from urban and rural sources, overflows of combined sewage and sewage treatment plant
discharges, are all major concerns. Fish and wildlife habitat needs to be
protected and restored.
                                 RAP Status
   * The Metro Toronto and Region RAP Stage 2A Report (Clean Waters, Clear
     Choices) was completed in May 1994. The provincial response was
     transmitted to the PAC Chairs in July 1996. Response from the federal
     government is pending. Local and regional municipalities and other
     partners are being asked to respond to the Stage 2A document in order
     that the Implementation Annex (Stage 2B) can be completed.
   * The MTR RAP is currently developing a new organizational structure in
     order to assist in implementation of the plan. A workshop was convened
     to facilitate this transition on February 8, 1996. Some 56
     representatives of an extended Metro RAP Team met to agree on an
     optimal implementation structure. The role of MOEE and Environment
     Canada will evolve from developing the plan to being implementation
     partners. The Metro Toronto Region Conservation Authority (MTRCA) and
     the Waterfront Regeneration Trust (WRT) will share RAP leadership
     responsibilities. Both MTRCA and WRT are community based agencies
     and offer expertise in facilitating action, multi-agency coordination and
     community empowerment in watershed management.
   * The local conservation authority is working with citizens and agencies
     to develop plans that will help implement the RAP within the Don,
     Rouge, Humber, and Highland watersheds.
         ---------------------------------------------------------
                           Community Perspectives
   * The MTR RAP Public Advisory Committee (PAC) unveiled a new RAP logo.
     A logo contest attracted some 200 entries for a design which best
     captured the implementation spirit of MTR RAP's recommendations as
     outlined in Clean Waters, Clear Choices.
   * The major concern of the PAC continues to be implementation of the RAP
     recommendations and the organizational restructuring of the MTR RAP
     process to facilitate this objective.
   * In 1995, the PAC began meeting with the public environmental
     committees in the 22 regional and local municipalities on its own
     initiative. These joint meetings have been productive in exchanging
     information about the RAP and each municipality's contribution to its
     implementation. In the process, new public interest has been raised.
   * MTR RAP's main outreach project was "Celebrate Your Watershed!"
     Week, May 5 to 11, 1996, in partnership with the Metropolitan Toronto and
     Region Conservation Authority (MTRCA), and 30 other private/public
     agencies including many companies and municipalities. The partnerships
     made it a success. Over 70 events were scheduled on all nine
     watersheds in the MTRCA area. 100,000 calendars of events were
     distributed and some 4,000 people participated directly during the
     Week in 1995. This year the Week promises to be even bigger.
   * In 1996, the PAC initiated an environmental showcase/panel discussion
     on the future of the Metro Toronto and Region's ecosystem.
   * As always, the PAC remains vigilant. It keeps abreast of development
     issues in this Area of Concern (AOC) and when necessary, intervenes to
     remind authorities of the MTR RAP principles, objectives, and
     recommendations. It is also working with the MTR RAP staff in
     continuing to develop a five-year workplan for implementation.
                           Implementation Outlook
   CSO (Combined Sewer Overflow)
CSO Characterization - Metro Waterfront (1995-):
     Analysis of CSO and stormwater discharges along the Metro Waterfront
     will assist in the development of methods to treat or control these
     pollution sources.
High Rate CSO Treatment Demonstration - Scarborough (1993-97):
     A mobile "vortex separator" designed to treat CSO is being
     demonstrated in Scarborough. In the separator, combined sewage is
     swirled and polluted particles are separated from the cleaner water.
Western Beaches Tunnel - City of Toronto (1996-):
     The Ministry of Environment and Energy has approved and is helping
     fund a City of Toronto proposal for a sewage storage tunnel designed
     to improve water quality of the western beaches for beneficial uses
     such as swimming and other recreational activities. The 4 km project
     will divert polluted stormwater and sewage from entering the lake.
     Dirty overflow water will be stored in settling tanks and settled
     sludge will be transported to the Ashbridges Bay sewage treatment
     plant.
   Stormwater
Marieta Payne Regeneration Project - Don River (1995-):
     Marieta Payne Park contains an existing stormwater management pond
     which is now considered to be too small to improve water quality.
     Actions will be taken to address water quality concerns, improve
     aquatic and terrestrial habitat, and improve community awareness of
     watershed issues.
Humber River Stormwater Clean-up by Restored Urban Biosystems (SCRUB):
     SCRUB will promote community involvement in pollution prevention and
     ecological restoration in order to minimize the amount of polluted
     stormwater runoff.
Lake Wilcox - Upper Humber (1996- ):
     The Town of Richmond Hill has completed a Lake Remediation Strategy to
     protect the lake and natural environment around the lake. Key elements
     include drainage improvements, treatment of bottom waters, shoreline
     naturalization, and habitat creation.
Stormwater Assessment and Maintenance Performance (SWAMP):
     This is a program for monitoring stormwater facilities and sharing the
     results among other agencies and organizations.
Roadside Ditches - Throughout (1995-97):
     This project is a study to evaluate the environmental, engineering,
     social, and economic factors associated with the use of roadside
     ditches and other related practices. The study will recommend an
     evaluation procedure for determining the appropriate application of
     the conveyance system technique.
   Sediment Cleanup
Sediment Survey - Toronto Waterfront (1995-):
     A sediment survey is underway to determine areas requiring clean-up in
     the Toronto Harbour. The survey will delineate the physical, chemical,
     and biological conditions associated with the sediments.
   Fish and Wildlife Rehabilitation and Restoration
Waterfront
Coastal Wetland Rehabilitation - Metro Waterfront (1995-):
     Detailed wetland rehabilitation plans will be developed in order to
     coordinate the restoration of these degraded habitat sites along the
     waterfront.
Embayment C - Tommy Thompson Park (1996-):
     A small portion of Embayment C at Tommy Thompson Park was proposed
     for wetland habitat creation in the 1992 Master Plan. This sheltered bay
     adjacent to the Aquatic Park Sailing Club will be the focus of habitat
     creation in the form of shoreline diversification, wetland planting
     nodes, as well as the provision of in-water structures such as shoals,
     reefs, and woody structures.
Terrestrial Habitat Enhancement - Tommy Thompson Park (1996-):
     This project will focus on the use of conservation design principles
     and will attempt to identify and enhance habitat characteristics and
     features that may be present in these areas as a result of prior
     lakefilling and grading. Specific efforts will be directed toward
     improving habitat for migratory shorebirds, significant colonial
     waterbirds such as common terns, and local reptiles and amphibians.
Rouge
Milne Dam Fishway - Rouge (1996-98):
     A fishway around the Milne Dam will link fish spawning and nursery
     areas to Lake Ontario.
Forested Watersheds Coordination and Monitoring - Rouge River (1994):
     Floodplain and stream bank vegetation were mapped in the Rouge
     watershed in order to identify areas for future planting. Mapping is
     starting for the Humber watershed with support from the Great Lakes
     Cleanup Fund.
Too Good Pond - Rouge River (1995 - 98):
     The purposes of this project are to maintain an existing provincially
     significant wetland, provide for fish passage around an instream
     barrier, and to provide an off-line pond for community recreational
     use.
Mud Creek Restoration & Wetland - Don Brickworks (1995-):
     As part of the restoration of a former Brickworks site, a wetland will
     be created using some water from a nearby creek which is currently
     piped. The creek will be rehabilitated to enhance water quality and
     contribute to the recreational and educational value of the Brickworks
     site.
Concept Sites - Don Watershed (1995-):
     As part of their original plan for cleaning up the Don, six "concept
     sites" (including Rupert's Pond, Terraview-Willowfield and Harding
     Park) were developed. Site plans generally combine improvements in
     water quality, wildlife habitat, and community awareness and
     involvement. Ten additional concept site plans will be developed in
     order to demonstrate regeneration at a local level.
Terraview-Willowfield - Scarborough (1996-98):
     This headwaters park in the City of Scarborough can become a more
     natural ecosystem. Plans include disconnecting roof leaders,
     naturalizing the stream, planting upland areas, and using the project
     as a living classroom for nearby schools. This area is a Don Watershed
     "concept site."
Rupert's Pond - Maple (1995-):
     A "concept site" plan was developed at this location in order to
     demonstrate regeneration of the Don River. Plans propose changes to
     the existing water quality control pond, the stream, and the valley
     lands at this site.
Pottery Road Instream Barriers - Don River (1996-):
     Two existing weirs near Pottery Road will be redesigned to allow fish
     passage and increased access to spawning habitat and about 10 km of
     stream.
Chester Springs Wetland - Lower Don Lands (1995-):
     A wetland project being constructed in the Lower Don will establish a
     wetland in an urban environment. Restoration will include: planting
     native trees, shrubs, and aquatic plants wildflowers; creating new
     ponds; and providing different habitats for plants and animals.
Bartley Smith Greenway (EcoPark) - Vaughan (1995-):
     A section of the Upper West Don is to be restored to wetlands,
     forests, and meadows. The Greenway will include four new wetlands as
     well as 14 km of trails.
Humber
Redside Dace Habitat - Purpleville Creek (1995-):
     Six and one-half km of riparian habitat is to be restored in order to
     provide fish habitat for the redside dace. Habitat is also to be
     created for a regionally rare bird, the wild turkey.
Grenadier Pond Shoreline Rehabilitation - Toronto (1995-):
     Approximately 1 ha of wetland habitat will be created, along with 100m
     of riparian habitat along the shoreline, to reduce nutrient loading.
Valley and Stream Corridor Rehabilitation - Main Humber River (1995-):
     Many projects are to be carried out including planting of riparian
     habitat, controlling livestock access to streams, and creation of
     brook trout habitat.
Highland
Fish Management Plan - Highland Creek (1996-):
     Plans are underway to develop a fisheries management plan for Highland
     Creek. The Highland Creek Fisheries Management Plan will be similar to
     the one done for the Humber River.
   Agriculture
Metro Rural Clean Water Program - Upper Humber (1994-99):
     This program is designed to reduce nutrient and bacterial loadings to
     the Great Lakes from rural non-point sources. Technical assistance and
     financial assistance are available for rural residents carrying out
     projects such as: septic system repairs, restriction of livestock from
     watercourses, or milkhouse washwater disposal systems.
   Public Education
Health Network - Throughout (1995-):
     Health and Welfare Canada is establishing a network of health
     officials to help spread information on human health and the Great
     Lakes ecosystem.
Don Challenge - Don Watershed (1995-):
     The Don Watershed Council - a group dedicated to restoration of the
     Don watershed - will challenge groups, individuals, businesses, and
     agencies to carry out activities to restore the watershed.
Storm Drain Marking/Yellow Fish Road - Throughout (1993-):
     The Metro Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (MTRCA) assists
     groups wanting to paint fish symbols next to roadside storm drains.
     The fish painting is part of an education program designed to teach
     kids and the community not to pour hazardous material (eg. paints,
     oils) down storm drains.
   Modelling and Research
Receiving Water Study - Metro Waterfront (1995-):
     A three-dimensional model was applied to the Toronto waterfront for
     one month simulations of E. coli and total phosphorous. The
     simulations were carried out using existing and future conditions for
     comparison. The results illustrated that the remedial plan adopted in
     the future conditions could significantly decrease the concentrations
     of E. coli and total phosphorous in the nearshore.
Inland Lakes Assessment (1995-):
     A survey of several inland lakes is being carried out to determine
     possible actions for remediation.
   Fish and Wildlife Monitoring
Watershed Atlas - Humber Watershed (1995-):
     This report of environmental conditions, history, and opportunities
     for the Humber Watershed will be used (initially) by the Humber
     Watershed Task Force. The task force consists of elected
     representatives, agency staff, and watershed residents working
     together to regenerate the Humber Watershed.
Watershed Indicator Program - Throughout (1995-):
     Fish communities and aquatic habitat across the watersheds will be
     assessed. The data will be used in fisheries management plans to help
     set targets and to determine the effective indicators of ecosystem
     health.
                                Publications
  1. Stage 1: Environmental Conditions and Problem Definition. 1988.
     (Executive Summary available in English and French)
  2. Draft Discussion Paper on Remedial Options. 1990. (Executive Summary
     available in English and French)
  3. Strategies for Restoring our Waters. 1991. (Also available in French)
  4. Clean Waters, Clear Choices: Recommendations for Action. 1994.
     (Summary available in English and French)
  5. Water Quality Improvement Projects. 1993.
  6. A Path to Clean Waters.   Actions for Ecosystem Protection and
     Restoration. 1994.
  7. A Path to Clean Waters.   Actions for Ecosystem Protection and
     Restoration. 1996.
Newsletters
  1. Clean Water News (formerly Metro Toronto Remedial Action Plan)
        o Issues #5 - #8 available in English or French
        o Issues #1 - #4 available in English only
Factsheets
  1. Metro Toronto & Region Remedial Action Plan (RAP)(Also available in
     French)
  2. After You Flush.   (sewage treatment)
  3. How Clean is Stormwater Runoff?
  4. Metro Toronto and Region RAP: How You Can Help the Environment
  5. A Class Act for Water (projects for educators)
  6. What is Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO)?
  7. Great Lakes Remedial Action Plan Status
on Plan Status
sletters
  1. Clean Water News (formerly Metro Toronto Remedial Action Plan)
        o Issues #5 - #8 available in English or French
        o Issues #1 - #4 available in English only
Factsheets
  1. Metro Toronto & Region Remedial Action Plan (RAP)(Also available in
     French)
  2. After You Flush... (sewage treatment)
  3. How Clean is Stormwater Runoff?
  4. Metro Toronto and Region RAP: How You Can Help the Environment
  5. A Class Act for Water (projects for educators)
  6. What is Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO)?
  7. Great Lakes Remedial Action Plan Status
lan Status
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niagara river
BB=Niagara River Remedial Action Plan 
Background
The Niagara River is the connecting channel between Lake Erie and Lake
Ontario. The Area of Concern (AOC) extends the entire 58 km of the Niagara
River and includes the Welland River drainage basin. Major problems include
sedimentation and toxic contaminants (largely originating from American
sources). The rivers in the Area of Concern have multiple uses, including
energy generation, recreation/tourism, industry and drinking water. The heavy concentration of industry located on the United States side remains the largest contributor to use impairments. In Ontario, 16 municipal and industrial point sources discharge heavy metals, priority toxic pollutants, and nutrients to the Niagara River and its tributaries. Non-point sources include urban and rural runoff, combined sewer overflows, and landfills.
At the insistence of New York State, separate RAPs are being developed on
the Canadian and United States sides of the Niagara River.
                                 RAP Status
   * The PAC hosted the formal presentation of the Stage 2 Recommended RAP
     Plan to the federal and provincial Ministers at a kickoff event on
     June 6, 1995. The RAP Team and PAC received the federal response at
     the PAC's June 1996 meeting, and received the provincial response in
     December 1996.
         ---------------------------------------------------------
                           Community Perspectives
   * The four parties participating in the Niagara River Toxics Management
     Plan have come to a pivotal point in the implementation of the plan.
     In May 1996, the four parties conducted a public workshop to report on
     the selected process based on public insight, comments, and
     suggestions about progress to-date, possible new commitments, and
     possible new approaches and objectives for continued work on the
     Niagara River gathered since the December 1994 public meeting. The
     event was well attended.
   * New York State Department of Environmental Conservation released their
     RAP document in December 1994. The new Remedial Action Committee
     (RAC), was struck early in 1995, and is cooperating with the PAC to
     prepare a new, joint slide show presentation.
   * Two international workshops developed by the PAC, RAP Team, RAC, New
     York State (NYS) authorities, and the International Joint Commission
     (IJC) on the theme: "From Obstacles to Opportunities - Building a
     Successful International RAP", were held in the fall of 1995 to
     encourage and initiate better communication and exchanges between the
     two RAPs on the Niagara River.
   * A RAP poster was developed and has been distributed to over 400
     schools in the Niagara River AOC, accompanied by a letter listing the
     various resources available to the community through the PAC Office.
   * Children and grownups alike have been testing their knowledge of the
     Niagara River ecosystem using the PAC's Interactive Computer Game in
     local schools and libraries. Users enter personal demographic profiles
     and their feedback has been assembled in two reports by the Department
     of Fisheries and Oceans. In addition, a computerized tour on CD ROM
     features questions on Canada's 17 RAPs, to test one's knowledge.
   * The Public Outreach Program, lead by the Community Liaison
     Coordinator, has included presentations to local schools, the hosting
     of a seminar for United States university students, and leading a high
     school class on a tour of sites and sights of the AOC. University
     students have volunteered their talents at the PAC Office.
   * The PAC assisted Health Canada researchers on the Upper Niagara River
     Fish & Wildlife Consumption Survey.
   * Several new publications are helping to get the word out in Niagara.
     Please see the list of RAP publications at the end of this report.
   * The Stage 2 Recommended Plan is being distributed to major
     stakeholders in the AOC to solicit endorsement and financial
     commitments for implementation of the recommendations.
   * PAC members have been participants in early meetings of the Natural
     Heritage Healthy Landscapes project with the Region of Niagara, as
     well as the Welland River Cleanup Committee which has completed the
     dredging and treatment of 10,500 cubic meters of contaminated
     sediments in late 1995. Remediation of the adjacent floodplain wetland
     is under study. Several community-based groups, such as the Friends of
     Fort Erie Creeks, have initiated local cleanups (see further details
     included in this chapter).
                           Implementation Outlook
Remediation of impairments in the Niagara River clearly depends on the
cleanup of industrial waste sites in the U.S.
Canada and Ontario will continue to press for prompt and effective action.
U.S. efforts are monitored and evaluated closely through the Niagara River
Toxics Management Plan.
   Sediment Remediation
Sediment treatment remediation:
     Based on the success of the sediment removal and treatment
     demonstrations in 1991, a large sediment remediation project is under
     way for the Welland River. Full scale removal of the reef was
     completed in the fall of 1995, with assessment and cleanup of the
     associated wetlands targeted for 1996.
   Fish and Wildlife Habitat Rehabilitation and Restoration
Willoughby Marsh:
     Based on 1994 and 1995 study results, restoration will involve
     improving both water quality and water levels which have been severely
     impacted by extensive municipal drainage systems and associated land
     use. Activities will include providing the public with technical
     expertise, and developing alternative management strategies based upon
     public goals for this ecosystem. Implementation is planned for the
     three-year period from 1995/96 through to 1997/98, with various
     partners.
Frenchman Creek:
     In 1991, a fisheries-oriented rehabilitation of Frenchman Creek was
     initiated. It later included plans to resolve water use conflicts on
     both quality and quantity issues. This project proposes to continue
     the development of a watershed management plan based on sound
     ecological principles and to re-establish the creek's fisheries. The
     Frenchman Creek management planning process will be used as a model
     for public initiatives on other streams to be remediated throughout
     the AOC.
Welland River:
     This three-phase project proposes to remediate the Welland River by
     addressing fluvial geomorphological instability, non-point sources of
     sediment loading, and the hydrological impacts of man-made structures.
     Phase 1 of this project has been presented and encompasses the
     definition of the problem with the goal of proposing remedial options.
     Phase 2 and 3 will select, design, and implement the preferred options
     followed by monitoring.
Niagara River Natural Heritage Strategy:
     The Stage 2 Report recommends the development of a natural heritage
     strategy to help restore impaired fish and wildlife habitats, and to
     complement local implementation of the new Ontario Planning Act.
     Activities in the project's first year would include the digitizing of
     data to be entered into the Geographical Information System (GIS) for
     analysis, field verification of the data, and the preparation of a map
     library. The key task of this project to date has been to assemble a
     spatial database of all natural areas in the AOC and conduct an
     analysis of the terrestrial habitat to identify existing forest
     woodlots and to help determine upland habitat rehabilitation needs. A
     draft final report on the project was completed in July 1996 and is
     being reviewed by partners.
   Sewage Treatment Plants
Stanley Avenue Pollution Control Plant:
     The former MPP Margaret Harrington recently announced that the
     Regional Municipality of Niagara will receive 3.36 million dollars
     through JobsOntario for improvements to the Stanley Avenue Pollution
     Control Plant. The needed improvements to the facility are expected to
     create 255 person years of employment during construction and enable
     the facility to meet the more stringent environmental guidelines in
     force today.
   CSOs
Pollution Control Planning Studies:
     The PCP studies will determine all points of CSO discharge to the
     municipalities, as well as the quantity and quality of wastewater
     being discharged and the expected impact on the local water body.
     Available CSO abatement measures will then be reviewed and evaluated
     in terms of their performance and economic, environmental, and social
     implications. Recommendations of preferred alternatives and a schedule
     for implementation will then be determined. A PCP is being considered
     for Niagara Falls in the Niagara River AOC in 1995/96.
   Environmental Quality Monitoring
NRTMP Point Source Monitoring:
     This project proposes to continue the annual monitoring program for
     conventional and toxic chemical parameters in all Ontario point source
     discharges within the AOC. The main objective will be to assess the
     loading of chemical contaminants to the lower Welland River and to the
     Niagara River. In the long term, this program is intended to determine
     the change in chemical loadings from these sources to the ecosystem
     over time.
     Implementation is being planned for the years 1995/96 and 1996/97 in
     association with one partner.
NRTMP Upstream / Downstream Monitoring:
     This project proposes to continue the program which monitors ambient
     river water and suspended sediment at Fort Erie and
     Niagara-on-the-Lake. Activities are designed to contribute to water
     quality trend analysis for both conventional and toxic chemicals. This
     project represents an on-going commitment which began in 1986.
Biomonitoring:
     This project expanded the 25-station mussel biomonitoring program to
     include 2 new sites along the American shoreline. At each site,
     mussels were deployed and retrieved at three-week intervals extending
     over 18 weeks, to determine rates and patterns of contaminant uptake.
     A new study approach also tested the suitability of Zebra and Quagga
     Mussels as lifespan biomonitors, for longer term interpretation of
     contaminant uptake and bioaccumulation. Analytical data are pending,
     and a full report is planned early in 1997. This technique is being
     increasingly relied upon to augment the data provided by direct water
     chemical analysis for many compounds present below the limits of
     detection.
   Agriculture
Rural Non-Point Source Pollution:
     This project involves the continuation of the water quality assessment
     begun in 1994 at 14 locations in the Upper Welland River basin.
     Activities have included addressing landowners' septic system
     problems, stream fencing, manure management, milkhouse waste
     management, and encouraging landowners to form or join a tributary
     cleanup association. The main requirements of the project involve
     information activities, cost-sharing incentive programs, technical
     assistance, demonstration programs, project targeting initiatives, and
     progress monitoring. The Geographical Information System (GIS) will be
     used to analyze all implementation data and identify priority areas
     for attention.
   Public Education
Fish Consumption Advisory Brochure:
     The development of a joint Ontario/New York Fish Consumption Advisory
     Brochure is proposed to provide health information to those who plan
     to consume game fish from the Niagara River Watershed. A further
     education program is included in this project to make sure more people
     are receiving the information they require and to extend access to
     anglers beyond the French and English languages. Implementation is
     planned for the five-year period beginning in 1995/96 and ending by
     the year 2000.
                                Publications
  1. The Niagara River - How did we get to this Stage? Summary report of
     the Stage 1 document, french translation. April 1992.
  2. An Environmental Evaluation of the Lower Welland River - Technical
     Report, R. J. Pope, K.A. Neenleyside, S.D. Speller, Tarandus
     Associates Ltd. for the Niagara River Improvement Project, Ontario
     Ministry of Environment and Energy. 1993.
  3. Update Report Reduction of Toxic Chemicals from Ontario Point Sources
     Discharging to the Niagara River 1986-1991, Niagara River Improvement
     Project, Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy. 1993.
  4. Chemicals of Concern in Niagara River Tributaries 1988-89, Niagara
     River Improvement Project, Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy.
     July 1993.
  5. Preliminary Technical Report - Summary of the 1991 Niagara River
     Mussel Biomonitoring Survey, L. Richman, Water Resources Branch,
     Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy. 1993.
  6. Preliminary Assessment Contaminated Loadings From Ontario Based
     Landfills, Jagger Hims for the Ontario Ministry of Environment and
     Energy. 1993.
  7. PAC newsletter, "Current", Vol. 2. Spring 1993.
  8. Niagara River Stage 1 Report: Environmental Conditions and Problem
     Definitions. October 1993.
  9. Environmental Investigation of Niagara River Shorewells, Arcturus
     Environmental for the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy.
     1993.
 10. Technical Report (internal document): The Technical Evaluation of
     Possible Remedial Options for Stage 2. Beak Consultants Ltd. May 1994.
 11. Update Report: Reduction of Toxic Chemicals From Ontario Point Sources
     Discharging to the Niagara River 1992, Niagara River Improvement
     Project, Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy. 1994.
 12. Report of the Niagara River Secretariat Relative to the Status of
     Commitments under the Niagara River Declaration of Intent, Environment
     Canada, U.S. EPA, Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, New York
     State Department of Environmental Conservation. June 16, 1994.
 13. PAC Newsletter: CURRENT, Vol. 2. Fall 1994.
 14. The Niagara River Toxics Management Plan, A Summary and Issues For
     Discussion, Four Parties. November 1994.
 15. A Report From the Technical Advisory Workgroup To The Niagara River
     Secretariat, Four Parties. November 1994.
 16. Stage 1 Update: Environmental Conditions and Problem Definition. March
     1995.
 17. Stage 2 Report: The Cleanup Connection. June 1995.
 18. Stage 2 Report Summary: The Cleanup Connection. April 1995.
 19. Use Impairments, a PAC Fact sheet. June 1995.
 20. The Cleanup Connection, brochure. July 1995.
 21. Welland River Sediment Removal and Treatment Demonstration Project
     (brochure), Environment Canada & Atlas Specialty Steels. 1995.
 22. Niagara River RAP poster. April 1996.
 23. Niagara River Digital Atlas, Final Report, Water Issues Division,
     Environment Canada. March 1996.
 24. Environmental Sensitivity Atlas for Lake Erie (including the Welland
     Canal) and the Niagara River Shoreline, Environment Canada. 1994.
a River Shoreline, Environment Canada. 1994.
     (brochure), Environment Canada & Atlas Specialty Steels. 1995.
 22. Niagara River RAP poster. April 1996.
 23. Niagara River Digital Atlas, Final Report, Water Issues Division,
     Environment Canada. March 1996.
 24. Environmental Sensitivity Atlas for Lake Erie (including the Welland
     Canal) and the Niagara River Shoreline, Environment Canada. 1994.
gital Atlas, Final Report, Water Issues Division,
     Environment Canada. March 1996.
 24. Environmental Sensitivity Atlas for Lake Erie (including the Welland
     Canal) and the Niagara River Shoreline, Environment Canada. 1994.
a. 1994.
cosystem Protection and
     Restoration. 1996.
Newsletters
  1. Clean Water News (formerly Metro Toronto Remedial Action Plan)
        o Issues #5 - #8 available in English or French
        o Issues #1 - #4 available in English only
Factsheets
  1. Metro Toronto & Region Remedial Action Plan (RAP)(Also available in
     French)
  2. After You Flush... (sewage treatment)
  3. How Clean is Stormwater Runoff?
  4. Metro Toronto and Region RAP: How You Can Help the Environment
  5. A Class Act for Water (projects for educators)
  6. What is Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO)?
  7. Great Lakes Remedial Action Plan Status
nipigon bay
Nipigon Bay Remedial Action Plan 
Background
Nipigon Bay is located at the most northern point of Lake Superior. The
Area of Concern encompasses a large portion of Nipigon Bay and the Nipigon
River downstream of Alexander Dam. Two communities are located in the
vicinity of the Bay: Red Rock (population: 1,400) and Nipigon (population:
2,400). Seven use impairments have been identified in the Area of Concern.
These use impairments are primarily the result of: discharges from Domtar
Packaging, Ltd.; the accumulation of bark, wood fiber and other organic
matter from historic log drives; and the discharges from Nipigon and Red
Rock water pollution control plants. Another significant concern has been
the excessive flow variations and water level fluctuations resulting from
hydro-generation on the Nipigon River. This is being addressed through the
Nipigon River Water Management Plan.
                             RAP Report Status
   * The Stage 2 Report is now complete and was reprinted in February 1996
     to include the Implementation Annex.
         ---------------------------------------------------------
                           Community Perspectives
   * The RAP is well known and has considerable public support in the area.
                           Implementation Outlook
The most significant outstanding issue in the AOC is the implementation of
secondary treatment at the STPs in both Nipigon and Red Rock. Funding is
the most significant obstacle.
   Fish and Wildlife Habitat Rehabilitation and Restoration
Big Trout Creek Restoration
     Evaluation and remediation of Trout Creek, which flows into Nipigon
     Bay at Red Rock, is listed in the Nipigon Bay Stage 2 as a required
     action. Although this creek flows though a largely forested area,
     rural development and agricultural activities have been sited as
     probable causes of stream erosion in the upstream reaches, and
     sediment deposition at the creek mouth. High sediment loads have
     affected water quality and de-channelized the creek mouth. In
     addition, sediment deposition adjacent to the creek mouth has affected
     recreational opportunities and may affect recent improvements to the
     Red Rock Marina Park. A survey has been completed and the results
     indicated that no remedial action is required.
Direct Recovery of Threatened Species (Brook Trout):
     The project proposes to increase brook trout populations by providing
     up welling sites for reproduction and to manage the exploitation of
     fish species. Native stocks will be monitored for production of fry,
     the abundance of adults, and a creel census will be completed. This
     project will require funding until the end of the year 2000.
Non-Chemical Lamprey Control
     This project will investigate non-chemical methods of lamprey control
     in the Great Lakes. Chemical control, while effective, should not be
     used over the long term. The project seeks to consider options which
     enhance capture and trapping efficiency, increase trapping efficiency
     at barrier dams, enhance the operation of velocity barriers, modify
     the substrate to induce lamprey to aggregate, and develop fisheries
     for lamprey species (fishing-up to increase the demands on lamprey
     populations). The project is planned for the three- year period from
     the 1995/96 to the end of 1997/98.
   Sewage Treatment Plants
Integrated Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Alternatives
     The point sources of contaminants entering the Nipigon Bay ecosystem
     include Domtar Packaging Ltd., the Red Rock STP, and the Nipigon STP.
     Both of the STPs currently discharge primary treated effluent into
     Nipigon Bay/River. Given Red Rock's proximity to the mill, it may make
     environmental and economic sense to divert Red Rock's municipal
     wastewater to the Domtar mill for treatment in the secondary treatment
     lagoons. Domtar has also offered to accept wastewater from the Nipigon
     STP, however distance is a factor that may affect the feasibility of
     this option. The alternative options are to build a new facility in
     Nipigon or upgrade the existing facility.
     Additional water related issues in Nipigon and Red Rock include water
     infiltration into the sewage systems, and an outdated water intake
     system in Nipigon that may require relocation as a result of twinning
     of the trans Canada Highway. Integration of a water conservation
     program into wastewater and water supply upgrades in both
     municipalities would be an economically sound course of action.
     A further effort will be made to implement water conservation
     strategies. Alternatives will be considered to costly upgrades and new
     plants such as increasing the efficiency of the existing plants to
     reduce water uptake and outflow, resulting in lowered pollutant
     loading into the receiving waters.
   Industry
     In order to meet CEPA regulations, Domtar has completed the
     construction of a $25 million aerated stabilization basin. This
     secondary treatment system will result in reduced effluent BOD,
     toxicity and solids. The federal Environmental Effects Monitoring
     Program (EEM) will provide data on fish, benthos and water quality
     after the installation is operational.
   Public Education
Innovative Ecosystem Monitoring
     Monitoring to determine effectiveness of remedial actions is costly,
     is often abandoned in times of constraint, is focused upon action to
     restore localized, site specific impairments, and usually does not
     address ecosystem response to rehabilitation actions. An exception is
     the Lake Superior LakeWatch program which is cost-effective,
     integrative, public-supported, and conducted by volunteers.
     The proposed candidates for an ecosystem data base include ecosystem
     based measures (eg. number of song birds, arrival date of loons, catch
     from fishing derbies) which also respond to local remediation.
     Assessment at AOCs commonly measure finite parameters (eg.
     concentration of PAHs, sediment properties). Proposed monitoring is
     inclusive and uses programs, interest, and expertise developed in
     public clubs, groups, and schools. This program will provide
     effective, low cost monitoring because in-place programs will be
     utilized. Efforts will be directed at screening candidate measures,
     organizing public groups and ecosystem monitoring programs in-place,
     and creating a five-AOC, Lake Superior data base.
         ---------------------------------------------------------
                                Publications
Published:
  1. Nipigon Bay Remedial Action Plan Stage 1 Report: Environmental
     Conditions and Problem Definition. October 1991.
  2. RAP Report #12-18. Bulletins prepared January - August 1992.
  3. Tech. Report #13. Effects of Streamflow Regulation on Groundwater
     Discharge through Brook Trout Spawning and Incubation Sites in the
     Nipigon River. November 1992.
  4. Technical Report #14, Allozyme and Mitochondrial DNA Markers the
     Determination of the Genetic Structure of a Walleye (Stizostedion
     vitreum). Population Established from Adult Transplants of Three
     Distinct Stocks. June 1993.
  5. Summary Newsletter of the North Shore Lake Superior RAPs. October 1993
  6. Our Living Heritage - The Bay of Nipigon. Domers, J. and J.R.M. Kelso.
     Fall 1993
  7. Nipigon Bay RAP Options Discussion Paper. August 1994.
  8. Tech Report # 18. Nipigon River: Development of a Water Management
     Plan- Problem Definition. May 1993.
  9. Tech Report # 19. Nipigon River: Development of a Water Management
     Plan- Options Report. April 1994.
 10. Tech Report # 20. Nipigon River: Development of a Water Management
     Plan- Preferred Options Report. September 1994
 11. Stage 2 Remedial Strategies for Ecosystem Restoration. October 1995.
rt # 18. Nipigon River: Development of a Water Management
     Plan- Problem Definition. May 1993.
  9. Tech Report # 19. Nipigon River: Development of a Water Management
     Plan- Options Report. April 1994.
 10. Tech Report # 20. Nipigon River: Development of a Water Management
     Plan- Preferred Options Report. September 1994
 11. Stage 2 Remedial Strategies for Ecosystem Restoration. October 1995.
er 1995.
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peninsula harbour
Peninsula Harbour Remedial Action Plan 
Background
Peninsula Harbour is located on the northeastern shore of Lake Superior,
approximately 290 km east of the City of Thunder Bay. The Area of Concern
is comprised of two regions: Peninsula Harbour proper, and a portion of
open Lake Superior immediately south of the peninsula. The town of Marathon (population: 6,000) lies on the southeast shore of the harbour. The
principal industry in Marathon is a bleached kraft pulp mill complex owned
by James River-Marathon, Limited. Historical discharges from the pulp mill
and the Marathon Water Pollution Control Plant have caused five known use
impairments in the Area of Concern.
                             RAP Report Status
   * The Stage 2 Report will be complete this winter.
   * A mercury modelling study has recently been completed to help
     determine the fate of mercury-contaminated sediments and the potential
     for treatment or removal.
         ---------------------------------------------------------
                           Community Perspectives
   * The RAP is well known and has considerable public support in the area.
                           Implementation Outlook
The RAP Team and PAC have identified a variety of options for addressing
mercury contaminated sediments in the AOC. The recently completed modelling study will help to evaluate the effectiveness of selected options. As part of the Stage 2 Report, the costs of the most feasible options will be
weighed against the environmental benefits and a remediation strategy will
be recommended.
   Fish and Wildlife Habitat Rehabilitation and Restoration
Marathon Waterfront Development
     A presentation was made to the Marathon Waterfront Development
     Committee in 1994 to encourage the addition of habitat features to the
     proposed marina. The suggested incorporation of these features was
     well received, and future initiatives to enhance fish and wildlife
     habitat are anticipated.
   Industry
     The James River mill has completed construction of the secondary
     treatment system and the system is fully operational.
   Public Education
Innovative Ecosystem Monitoring
     Monitoring to determine effectiveness of remedial actions is costly,
     is often abandoned in times of constraint, is focused upon action to
     restore localized, site specific impairments and usually does not
     address ecosystem response to rehabilitation actions. An exception is
     the Lake Superior LakeWatch program which is cost-effective,
     integrative, public-supported, and conducted by volunteers.
     The proposed candidates for an ecosystem data base include ecosystem
     based measures (eg. number of song birds, arrival date of loons, catch
     from fishing derbies) which also respond to local remediation.
     Assessment at AOCs commonly measure finite parameters (eg.
     concentration of PAHs, sediment properties). Proposed monitoring is
     inclusive and uses programs, interest, and expertise developed in
     public clubs, groups, and schools. This program will provide
     effective, low cost monitoring because in-place programs will be
     utilized. Effort will be directed at screening candidate measures,
     organizing public groups and ecosystem monitoring programs in-place,
     and creating a five-AOC, Lake Superior data base.
                                Publications
Published:
  1. Peninsula Harbour Remedial Action Plan Stage 1 Report: Environmental
     Conditions and Problem Definition. October 1991.
  2. RAP Report #12-18. Bulletins prepared January - August 1992.
  3. Summary Newsletter of the North Shore Lake Superior RAPs. October
     1993.
  4. Tech. Report # 16 - Peninsula Harbour Flow Pattern Study, Marathon,
     Ontario. 1993.
  5. Tech. Report # 17. North Shore of Lake Superior RAP Public Involvement
     Programs: A Review. October 1993.
  6. Tech. Report # 22. Potential Mercury Amelioration Methods. 1994.
etins prepared January - August 1992.
  3. Summary Newsletter of the North Shore Lake Superior RAPs. October
     1993.
  4. Tech. Report # 16 - Peninsula Harbour Flow Pattern Study, Marathon,
     Ontario. 1993.
  5. Tech. Report # 17. North Shore of Lake Superior RAP Public Involvement
     Programs: A Review. October 1993.
  6. Tech. Report # 22. Potential Mercury Amelioration Methods. 1994.
s. 1994.
port hope
Port Hope Remedial Action Plan 
Background
Port Hope Harbour is located at the mouth of the Ganaraska River on the
north shore of Lake Ontario approximately 100 km east of Toronto.
Approximately 90,000 km3 of sediments located in the turning basin and west slip areas of Port Hope Harbour are contaminated with uranium and thorium series radionuclides, heavy metals, and PCBs. Significant sediment
contamination is confined to the turning basin and west slip of the
harbour. The contamination of the harbour sediments is the result of past
waste management practices in the refining and processing of uranium and
radium during the 1930s and 1940s. Due to the radionuclide content and
history of the contaminated sediment, the sediment in the turning basin and
west slip has been classified as low-level historic radioactive waste for
which the federal government assumes responsibility. The use impairment
associated with the in-situ contaminant problem is the use of the turning
basin as a boat mooring facility by the Port Hope Yacht Club. Contamination
of turning basin sediments have caused a cessation of maintenance dredging
in this area. Continued sedimentation will in time render the turning basin
inoperative as a boat mooring facility if dredging is not resumed.
There is currently no Remedial Action Plan (RAP) Coordinator for the Port
Hope Harbour Area of Concern (AOC).
                             RAP Report Status
   * The Stage 1 Report was transmitted to the IJC in January 1990.
   * The development phase of Stage 2 is currently on hold. The Stage 2
     process for this AOC will be guided by the process established by the
     Siting Task Force. The RAP Team will review the remedial options
     proposed by the Siting Task Force Community Liaison Group (CLG) and
     incorporate those that meet IJC/RAP objectives into the Stage 2
     report.
   * Any final agreement on clean-up actions will be guided by the overall
     Port Hope clean-up effort.
                           Community Perspectives
   * The local public looks for reassurance that radionuclides are not
     affecting fish or town water supplies. Studies of fish flesh and
     regular water testing confirm that there is no exceedence of standards
     and objectives.
   * A Siting Task Force was established in 1987 by the federal Minister of
     Natural Resources. The central objective of the Task Force is the
     establishment of a disposal facility in Ontario for existing and
     historic radioactive waste stored in the Port Hope area (including
     Port Hope Harbour sediments).
   * As a result of the Task Force's voluntary siting process, the Town of
     Deep River and the Task Force developed a community
     agreement-in-principle which outlined the terms of acceptance and
     conditions under which the disposal facility would be built.
                           Implementation Outlook
   * Federal Cabinet approval is required prior to proceeding to the next
     stages of the development of the low-level radioactive waste facility.
   * Any proposed facility must also be licensed by the Atomic Energy
     Control Board and is subject to the Canadian Environmental Assessment
     Act.
   * Port Hope Town Council is looking at the possibility of a new harbour
     as part of waterfront re-development. The Town's Waterfront Committee
     has been advised that if federal funding is involved in any such
     development, it will be subject to an Environmental Assessment under
     the former EARP or the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act and may
     not necessarily be linked to the clean-up of the existing harbour.
         ---------------------------------------------------------
                                Publications
Published:
  1. Port Hope Harbour Remedial Action Plan Stage 1: Environmental
     Conditions and Problem Definition. January 1990.
  2. Suspended Sediment Discharges to Port Hope Harbour During the Spring
     of 1990. January 1992.
  3. Port Hope Socio-Economic Profile. January 1, 1993.
  4. Port Hope Harbour Fact Sheets - Released August 1993.
  5. Socio-Economic Fact Sheet - Released January 1994.
To Be Published:
   * Discussion Paper - Institutional Arrangements for Remediation of Port
     Hope Harbour - on hold
 on hold
severn sound
WSevern Sound Remedial Action Plan 
Background
The Severn Sound Area of Concern (AOC) is located in southeastern Georgian
Bay and includes Penetang, Midland, Hog, Sturgeon, and Matchedash Bays with significant population centres in Midland and Penetanguishene. The
watershed covers an area of 1,000 km2. The primary problems in the area are eutrophication, excessive algal production, and high phosphorus levels as a result of sewage treatment plant (STP) inputs, agricultural activities,
shoreline development, and other sources. This problem is especially
evident in the constricted embayments on the south shore of the Sound.
Additional concerns include shifts in fish communities and habitat loss.
Industrial and municipal point sources, long-range atmospheric deposition, agricultural runoff, and in-place pollutants all contribute to the use impairments. 
                                 RAP Status
   * The Severn Sound RAP Stage 2 Document was submitted to the RAP
     Steering Committee in January 1993 for review and approval, and was
     submitted to the federal and provincial governments in April 1993. The
     provincial government provided its formal response and commitments to
     the Recommended Plan in February 1995. The federal government's
     response was provided in September 1995. The RAP plans to complete the
     Implementation Annex for submission of the complete Stage 2 Document
     to the IJC in spring 1998.
         ---------------------------------------------------------
                           Community Perspectives
   * A unique partnership among the RAP Team, PAC, and the Wye Marsh
     Wildlife Centre (an environmental non-profit organization) has served
     as a catalyst in building local support for the RAP and sustaining
     local multi-stakeholder involvement.
   * The PAC has been active with local facilitation provided by the Wye
     Marsh Wildlife Centre.
   * The RAP receives regular local media coverage, particularly in
     relation to implementation, local cleanup projects, and demonstration
     programs. For example, newspaper articles "Mysteries of the Deep
     Surface on Voyage to the Bottom of the Bay" (Free Press July 17/96),
     "Cormorant Tracks" (Free Press, July 5/96), "Navy Ship Visits Midland
     for Severn Sound Research" (The Observer, June 29/96), and "Navy
     Targets the Sound" (Free Press, June 28/96), along with coverage by
     CKVR Television, represent media interest in the 1996 Sediment Survey.
     The new natural shorelines project was covered locally with "Funds for
     Shore Cleanup" (The Mirror, March 3/96), "Severn RAP Initiates New
     Shoreline Protection Project" (The Observer, April 27/96) and "Saving
     the Shoreline" (Free Press, April 26/96). Spring activities with the
     Penetang Bay cleanup and habitat restoration project were noted with
     "Help Cleanup Waterfront" (Free Press April 12/96) and "Spring Cleanup
     Time" (Free Press April 17/96). The presentation of the Midland
     Chamber of Commerce 1995 Environmental Achievement Award to the RAP
     Coordinator was covered by "Sherman Cleans-up Our Act" (The Mirror
     Feb.25/96) and "Chamber Honors Businesses, Individuals" (Free Press
     February 2/96).
   * The RAP is promoted through attendance and displays at local fairs and
     public events such as the Coldwater Rodeo , Midland Pro Bass
     Tournament, Canada Day celebrations in Penetanguishene, the Penetang
     Library Garden Tour, and the HMCS Cormorant tours in Midland, during
     which approximately 3000 visitors to the ship viewed displays on
     recent progress in RAP implementation.
   * The agricultural community in Severn Sound is supportive of RAP
     implementation. The RAP displays and information were most recently
     taken to a two-day open house where landowners were able to discuss
     potential projects with the rural non-point source control and
     tributary rehabilitation project staff.
   * Municipalities are directly involved in RAP implementation. Ongoing
     discussions relate to sludge disposal practices, stormwater management
     and incorporation of RAP principles into official plans. Four
     municipalities have incorporated RAP concerns into the policy sections
     of their Official Plans. Tay Township has passed an official plan
     amendment that incorporates RAP concerns, goals and objectives into
     the policies of their Official Plan.
                           Implementation Outlook
The vision is to restore environmental quality and to ensure continued
protection through implementing a legacy of wise stewardship of Severn
Sound and its tributaries. The responsibility for cleanup and protection of
environmental quality is shared by everyone. If implementation is to
succeed, the local community must see the RAP as a means of achieving their goals for restoring the area.
The Severn Sound Area of Concern includes ten municipalities with various
issues and agendas. Some communities are urban and others rural; some have shoreline and others are distant from the water body. The large population of seasonal residents and tourists has a major impact on the area. The full-time presence of the RAP Coordinator in the Implementation Office serves as a link to unite this diversity of people and places in a
collective awareness and sense of ownership of environmental problems and their solutions.
Projected capital costs for full implementation of the Severn Sound RAP
(excluding industry) is $90M (including sewage treatment upgrades $35.7M;
private shoreline septic system upgrades $3M; service extensions to private
systems $11.1M; stormwater control $35M; agricultural source controls
$4.1M; combined sewer overflow control $1.1). Under existing provincial
programs and funding formulae, the provincial share of these costs is
expected to be approximately $27M. Commitments totaling $33M for RAP
implementation have been made to date from all stakeholders.
   Fish and Wildlife Habitat Rehabilitation and Restoration
Penetang Bay Shore Zone Cleanup and Habitat Restoration:
     Monitoring of plant and animal communities in the newly-restored
     nearshore and wetland habitat areas will establish project
     effectiveness. Community groups (science classes, naturalist clubs)
     have shown an interest in participating in the monitoring plan.
     Additional planting and channel rehabilitation should take place in
     late summer/fall of 1996.
Tributary Rehabilitation Project:
     Continuation of this project will involve cleanup of stream beds,
     stabilizing banks, fencing to restrict livestock access, planting of
     trees by volunteer groups, and the monitoring of sites after projects
     have been implemented. Approximately half of the stream length in the
     watershed known to have cattle access, still needs remediation.
Natural Shorelines in Severn Sound:
     The Natural Shorelines project exceeded its goal of planting and
     naturalization of 10% of the Penetang Bay shoreline in the first few
     months of the project. The goal is to secure funding and partners to
     extend the project into other Severn Sound area municipalities in
     subsequent years.
Lead Shot Remediation:
     The lead shot remediation project, initiated at the Wye Marsh Wildlife
     Centre in 1994, has developed a prototype of an innovative technology
     to sink lead shot beyond the zone of availability to waterfowl.
     Development and pilot testing of the prototype technology was carried
     out in the summer of 1996 with three test sites defined and tested.
Colonial Waterbird Nesting Survey:
     This project proposes to continue observations of waterbird nests in
     the Severn Sound vicinity (Watcher Islands). Implementation is being
     planned for the five-year period from 95/96 until the year 2000 with
     the support of various agencies.
   Fish and Wildlife Monitoring
Habitat Restoration Plan:
     This project proposes to test the natural heritage system approach to
     develop a habitat restoration plan for land in the Severn Sound area.
Habitat and Wildlife Mapping:
     This project proposes to undertake a mapping survey of Severn Sound
     for the purpose of implementing the Fish Habitat Management Plan.
     Activities will include consolidation of the shoreline fish habitat
     inventory with a special fish habitat workshop. Fish and wildlife
     monitoring is being planned for the five-year period from 1995/96
     until the year 2000 .
Shoreline Landuse:
     This project will involve water current studies, habitat management,
     the continuation of existing work on the GIS (geographical information
     system) database, through to the year 2000. The main objectives are to
     provide mapping for reporting RAP implementation projects and for
     tracking remedial actions.
Subwatershed Planning project:
     This project proposes to incorporate the concepts of the MOEE/MNR
     watershed planning documents and the RAP planning recommendations into planning procedures and Official Plans. Activities will include the
     development of a pilot subwatershed plan for the Hog Creek watershed,
     after which the method would be applied to other watersheds in Severn
     Sound.
   Sewage Treatment Plants
Upgrades:
     The Township of Severn has completed a Class Environmental Assessment
     (EA) on a sewage plant upgrade for the Coldwater STP. The Township of
     Tay (now includes former Port McNicoll and Victoria Harbour) has
     completed the Class EA process and is proceeding with plans for an
     upgrade of the Port McNicoll sewage plant. Construction of a new
     sewage plant for Port Severn began in 1996.
Pollution Control Plan:
     The Severn Sound stormwater project will produce a report on existing
     storm sewer catchments and a review of potential control/treatment
     technologies. Project activities, including a planning level analysis
     to decide on control and treatment options, and the measuring of wet
     and dry weather flow quality at selected catchments to pinpoint
     potential pollution sources, will be complete in early 1997.
Sewage Plant Optimization:
     The main objective is to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of
     existing plant operations. Activities will include the analysis of
     plant operation by technical experts in conjunction with plant staff
     to reorient emphasis towards effluent-related plant performances, and
     removal of ammonia and phosphorous from the eight sewage treatment
     plants within the Severn Sound area.
Sludge and Septate Handling Strategy:
     An intermunicipal Class EA on the development of a sludge and septate
     handling strategy and facility for the North Simcoe area will address
     the RAP recommendation to retain STP sludge during winter and spring
     and to treat septate throughout the year.
   Agriculture
Rural Non-Point Source Control Project
     Potential sites for remediation projects, as identified in the SSRAP
     Stage 2, include approximately 100 livestock access restriction
     projects, 100 manure management projects, 38 milkhouse washwater
     treatment projects, and 120 private septic system upgrades.
Tributary Rehabilitation:
     A broad partnership has been established for tributary rehabilitation
     projects to control bank erosion and cattle access. Approximately half
     of the stream length known to have cattle access still needs
     remediation.
No-Till Drill Demonstration:
     The farming community continues to demonstrate the value of no-till
     drill equipment for controlling soil erosion and phosphorous sources.
   Modelling and Research
Groundwater Resources and Sensitivity:
     The study will produce a report describing the groundwater resources
     in the Severn Sound area (about 1000 km2), updated well logs for the
     MOEE database, and GIS (Geographical Information System software)
     overlays of hydrogeologic features. The resulting information will
     also be used to develop the subwatershed plan and to incorporate the
     information into the planning policies of the Township of Tay.
Sediment Survey 1996:
     Ground-truthing of field data collected in the 1995 regional grid and
     coastal survey of Severn Sound's bottom features and sediment
     distribution was conducted in June and July of 1996. The results of
     this year's survey, including a digital map of sediment thickness and
     distribution in the Sound, will be produced in early 1997. The map
     will aid the RAP Team in identifying possible depositional areas of
     contaminated sediment.
Currents and Quality Model:
     Using the RAND model, water circulation patterns were investigated in
     Severn Sound. The model assesses water quality under varying weather
     conditions, evaluates water quality impacts under present conditions,
     and predicts the future and the impact of RAP implementation. The
     model will be useful in predicting the effects of contaminant spills
     and in clarifying the best places to locate discharges.
Environmental Quality Monitoring:
     Ongoing monitoring of water quality is to be conducted in the Severn
     Sound area. Monitoring activities will include open-water monitoring,
     tributary flow monitoring at six locations, and tributary quality
     monitoring which will continue at nine long-term and 15 short-term
     locations. The main objectives will be to determine progress in
     phosphorus source reduction as a result of remedial activities. Also
     required is the collection of selected sportfish species for tissue
     contaminant analysis with an emphasis on mercury.
Point Source Discharge Impact Zones:
     This project will map areas of elevated ammonia concentrations in
     sediment adjacent to STP outfalls for comparison with similar work
     being done by the Hamilton Harbour RAP. A pilot study on Penetang Bay
     sediments was completed in l996.
Fish Community Interactions with Shoreline Development :
     This project proposes a resumption of fish community assessments along
     trophic gradients in Penetanguishene Bay and in Honey Harbour. The
     main objective would be to continue relating habitat to fish community
     structure, and allowing for the refinement of Severn Sound's delisting
     objectives for the fish community.
   Public education
RAP Implementation Office:
     The Implementation Office at the Wye Marsh Wildlife Centre provides an
     information service through its Public Involvement Program
     facilitator. SSRAP documents, brochures, fact sheets, and information
     videos, as well as related agency publications, are displayed in the
     Wye Marsh Centre (which receives approximately 60,000 visitors a year)
     and are distributed on request to individuals, organizations, and
     other agencies. Public inquiries on environmental issues are answered
     by phone, fax, and mail, which often involves referrals to appropriate
     agencies or individual agency representatives. The Implementation
     Office provides secretarial support for 12 SSRAP PAC meetings a year,
     produces fact sheets and media releases, coordinates media coverage of
     special events, prepares text and graphics for project reports,
     produces display materials, coordinates volunteers, conducts data
     analyses and provides data collection, text editing, technical
     analysis, writing, graphics and/or printing for technical reports. The
     implementation office is facilitating 17 implementation projects in
     1996 and has coordinated over 50 public presentations by RAP Team
     members, project staff and the RAP Coordinator.
Severn Sound PAC Activities:
     The Severn Sound Public Advisory Committee meets on the second Tuesday
     of each month, with an average attendance of 15. Members monitor
     implementation through regular presentations and reports on projects
     and studies from all sectors of RAP Implementation in Severn Sound.
     Detailed minutes of these monthly meetings are distributed to a PAC
     mailing list of over 50 individuals, many of whom represent
     environmental organizations, ratepayers' or cottagers' associations or
     municipal departments. The Severn Sound PAC is considering strategies
     to continue its activities in the face of sunsetting government
     support.
                                Publications
Published:
  1. Results of the Comprehensive Technical Assistance Program at the
     Coldwater STP, Coldwater, Ontario. August 1996.
  2. Clean Up Rural Beaches (CURB) Program Annual Report #4 (1995-1996).
     April 1996.
  3. Results of the Comprehensive Technical Assistance at the Mental Health
     Centre STP, Penetanguishene, Ontario. February l996.
  4. Habitat and Water Quality Improvement Manual for Golf Course
     Management. January l996.
  5. Spatial and Temporal Water Quality Trends in Severn Sound, Georgian
     Bay, since the introduction of phosphorus control guidelines:
     Nutrients and Phytoplankton 1973-1991. Gemza, A.F., Water Quality
     Research Journal of Canada, Issue 4. October l995.
  6. Performance and Upgrading Alternatives for Water Pollution Control
     Plants Discharging to Severn Sound, Nutt, S.G., Water quality Research
     Journal of Canada, Issue 4. October l995.
  7. Water Currents and Exchange between Severn Sound and Georgian Bay,
     Lake Huron, during 1988. Kohli, B., Water Quality Research Journal of
     Canada, Issue 4. October l995.
  8. Strategy for Phosphorus Control from Estimated Phosphorus Loads and
     Predicted Total Phosphorus Concentration in Penetang Bay, Georgian
     Bay, Lake Huron,1973 to 1992, Sherman, R.K .and S. Brown, Water
     Quality Research Journal of Canada, Issue 4. October l995.
  9. Severn Sound Sediment Chemistry and Bioassessment, 1988-1990,
     Krantzberg, G. and R. K. Sherman, Water Quality Research Journal of
     Canada, Issue 4. October l995.
 10. Zooplankton Seasonal Dynamics and Community Structure in Severn Sound,
     Lake Huron, Gemza, A.F., Water Quality Research Journal of Canada,
     Issue 4. October l995.
 11. Organochlorine Contaminants in Avian Wildlife of Severn Sound, Martin,
     P.A., D.V. Weseloh, C.A. Bishop, K. Legierse, B. Braune and R.J.
     Norstrom, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, Issue 4. October
     l995.
 12. Abundance and Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Young-of-the-Year Fishes
     in an Altered Embayment of Lake Huron, Leslie, J.K. and C.A. Timmins,
     Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, Issue 4. October l995.
 13. Biochemical indicators of contaminant exposure in passerines, colonial
     waterbirds and snapping turtles of the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence
     River Basin, Bishop, C.A., S. Trudeau, S.W. Kennedy, J.J. Stegeman,
     R.J. Norstrom. April l995.
 14. Results of the comprehensive performance evaluation of the Coldwater
     Wastewater Treatment Plant, Coldwater, Ontario. February l995.
 15. Results of the comprehensive performance evaluation of the Ministry of
     Health Wastewater Treatment Plant, Penetanguishene, Ontario. January
     l995.
 16. Clean Up Rural Beaches (CURB) Program Annual Report #3 (1994-1995).
     February 1995.
 17. Natural Shorelines - The Ribbon of Life (brochure). l995.
 18. Navigation Chart (Reprint l995) Water quality information aimed at
     boaters and cottage owners was published on the reverse side of the
     Severn Sound (Port Severn to Penetang Harbour) navigation chart.
 19. RAP FACT Sheets on: Stormwater Study, Sediment Survey l996, Penetang
     Bay Environmental Quality; Penetang Sewage Plant upgrade; Penetang
     "Restore the Shore" project; Shoreline Habitat Creation, Aug./94;
     Sediment Survey 1995.
 20. Qualitative Sampling for Walleye Embryos in Five Tributaries of the
     Great Lakes, Leslie, J.K. and C.A. Timmins, Canadian Technical Report
     of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 2081. l995.
 21. Ecology of young-of-the-year fishes in Severn Sound, Lake Huron,
     Leslie, J.K. and C.A. Timmins. Sept. l994.
 22. Summer Waterbirds of Severn Sound (CWS Poster). April 1994.
 23. An Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) for fish assemblages in the
     littoral zone of Great Lakes' Areas of Concern, Minns, C.K., V.W.
     Cairns, R.G. Randall and J.E. Moore, l994. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.
     51: 1804-1822.
 24. Boaters' Environmental Guide: Tips for Thoughtful Boaters (brochure).
     March 1994.
 25. Implementing the Severn Sound Remedial Action Plan: Socio-Economic
     Considerations. March 1994.
 26. Clean Up Rural Beaches (CURB) Program Annual Report #2 (1993-1994).
     February 15, 1994.
 27. An Interim Fish Habitat Management Plan for the Severn Sound. August
     1993.
 28. Clean Up Rural Beaches (CURB) Program Annual Report #1 (1992-1993).
     February 15, 1993.
 29. Severn Sound Remedial Action Plan Stage 2 Report. April 1993.
 30. Severn Sound Remedial Options Discussion Paper. June 1990.
 31. Severn Sound Remedial Action Plan Stage 1 - Environmental Conditions
     and Problem Definition. February 1989.
To be Published:
  1. Report on the Penetang Bay Cleanup and Habitat Restoration Project
  2. Report on the Severn Sound Groundwater Study
  3. Report on the Severn Sound Stormwater Study
  4. Report on the Severn Sound Currents and Quality Model
  5. Water Quality Assessment of Honey Harbour Area, Severn Sound
  6. Water Quality Assessment of Tributaries in the Severn Sound Area
  7. Changes in Zooplankton Community Structure in Severn Sound following
     Phosphorus Loading Reductions
  8. Report on Fish Community and Biomass in Severn Sound Tributaries
  9. Report on Lead Shot Remediation Technology Assessment
 Lead Shot Remediation Technology Assessment
ent of Tributaries in the Severn Sound Area
  7. Changes in Zooplankton Community Structure in Severn Sound following
     Phosphorus Loading Reductions
  8. Report on Fish Community and Biomass in Severn Sound Tributaries
  9. Report on Lead Shot Remediation Technology Assessment
sessment
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spanish harbour
!Spanish Harbour Remedial Action Plan 
Background
The Spanish Harbour Area of Concern covers the lower 53 km of the river
from Espanola to the harbour at Spanish, Ontario and the Whalesback
Channel. It is located on the north shore of the North Channel, Lake Huron.
Many of the impacts from the discharge of the pulp and paper mill at
Espanola, which led to the listing of the river and harbour as an Area of
Concern, have been remediated. Additional impacts due to historic and
ongoing mining activities in the Sudbury basin have been identified.
Industrial and municipal point sources, long-range atmospheric deposition, agricultural runoff, and in-place pollutants all contribute to the use impairments. 
                             RAP Report Status
   * The Stage 2 process has commenced with the RAP Team developing the
     remedial options for the AOC and completing further research to meet
     the information gaps identified in the Stage 1 Report. Review of
     impaired beneficial uses was conducted by a Technical Review Committee in 1996 and resulted in a change in status of eight beneficial uses. The draft Stage 2 report for Spanish Harbour is expected to be
     complete in early 1997.
   * The PAC has developed general principles of management (ecosystem
     context and zero discharge) and water use goals for the Area of
     Concern.
   * Technical studies completed in 1995/96 included modelling of suspended
     sediment loads in the lower Spanish River to assess the effect of
     abatement initiatives in the Sudbury basin; electroshocking in the
     spring of 1995 to assess muskellunge populations in the North Channel
     area as donor stocks for the re-introduction program in the Spanish
     River delta; an analysis of wet/dry deposition in the Spanish River
     watershed; collection and analysis of sediment cores from the
     Whalesback Channel area; and collection of muskellunge eggs and
     raising of fry for a fall planting of musky fingerlings in the harbour
     area.
         ---------------------------------------------------------
                           Community Perspectives
   * In July 1996, E.B. Eddy Forest Products Ltd. announced a $93M
     modernization project for the Espanola mill, to be implemented over
     the next 3 years. As part of the project, the operation will be the
     first pulp mill in Canada to replace chlorine dioxide with ozone as a
     first stage in the kraft bleaching process. Results of several years
     testing have shown that ozone improves pulp quality and brightness
     while reducing environmental impacts on receiving waters.
   * The "Friends of the Spanish River", whose objective is to promote an
     awareness and appreciation for the river, constructed a replica
     pointer boat in 1995. The boat, historically used in log-driving
     operations on the Spanish River, was successfully launched in 1996,
     and was featured in the 50th anniversary celebrations at E.B. Eddy
     Forest Products Ltd. in Espanola.
   * The "Friends" also erected two osprey nesting platforms in the Spanish
     River Delta Marsh in the fall of 1995 with the assistance of E.B. Eddy
     Forest Products Ltd., Canadian Wildlife Service, Great Lakes Cleanup
     2000, and Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Energy.
   * The upgrade of the Town of Espanola Wastewater Treatment facility from
     a primary to a secondary treatment operation was completed in 1995.
     Based on a study by the Wastewater Technology Centre, which was
     initiated by the PAC and RAP Team, an ultraviolet treatment system has
     been incorporated as the disinfection system for the upgraded
     facility.
                         Implementation Outlook
Activities will focus on defining and remediating inputs related to
historic and ongoing mining impacts in the Sudbury Basin, located upstream
of the AOC. A six-year program to re-establish a self-sustaining
muskellunge population in the Spanish Harbour commenced in 1996.
Evaluation of the Spanish Harbour Sediment Mass Balance Study:
     This project proposes further refinements and verification of the mass
     balance study completed in 1994/95. Results of a sediment trap study
     conducted by OMOEE in 1995, which looked at quantity and quality of
     sediment deposition in the Spanish Harbour and Whalesback Channel
     area, will be incorporated into the model.
Muskellunge reintroduction:
     A program to re-introduce a self-sustaining population of muskellunge
     in the Spanish Harbour commenced in spring 1996. Eggs were collected
     from donor stock in the North Channel and fry are being raised at
     three private hatcheries. Large fingerlings will be planted in the
     Area of Concern during the late fall. The project will be repeated for
     the next five years, after which time the muskellunge should reproduce
     naturally. The project received endorsement from the PAC and RAP Team,
     and partnerships to carry out the re-introduction are being sought
     with Friends of the Spanish River, Great Lakes 2000 Cleanup Fund,
     local fish and game clubs, and industrial companies.
   Fish and Wildlife Monitoring
Marsh Monitoring Program:
     The marsh monitoring program, established in 1994 by the Canadian
     Wildlife Service (CWS) to monitor marsh birds, has been conducted for
     two years in the Spanish River Delta Marsh and will be continued
     during 1996.
Commercial Harvest Monitoring:
     This project involves incorporating the daily catch records, which are
     submitted by commercial fishermen, into the commercial harvest
     database. Implementation of this on-going project is being planned for
     the 5 year period from 95/96 to the year 2000 to evaluate fish
     populations.
Volunteer Angler Diary Program:
     Interested and active sportfish anglers voluntarily maintain a log of
     their catch. This project proposes to provide this information to the
     Lake Huron Assessment Unit for incorporation into the inventory
     database.
   Modelling and Research
Paleolimnological Assessment of Spanish Harbour Sediments:
     This project involves the investigation of historical trends in
     sediment quality in the Spanish Harbour and Whalesback Channel.
     Sediment cores collected in early 1996 were sectioned, subjected to
     Lead (210Pb) dating, and biological analysis methods (diatomaceous
     algae) to reveal temporal patterns in metal deposition. The study
     objectives are to determine whether metal deposition rates have
     changed in recent decades. Results will be available in late 1996.
   Environmental Quality Monitoring
Long Term Sensing Study:
     This project proposes to expand the existing number of stations to
     fulfil some surveillance requirements of Stage 3 monitoring. Sampling,
     conducted on a rotational basis throughout the Great Lakes, is being
     conducted in the Spanish Harbour, and Whalesback and North Channels in
     1996.
Water Quality and Flow Monitoring Stations:
     This project will involve the continuation of monitoring at stations
     throughout the Spanish River watershed.
         ---------------------------------------------------------
                                Publications
Reports:
  1. Status Report: Spanish River - Harbour Area. June 1988.
  2. A survey of Public Opinion Regarding Water Quality of the Lower
     Spanish River. 1988.
  3. The Effect of In-Place Pollutants on the Benthic Invertebrate Fauna of
     the Spanish River Harbour. March 1989.
  4. Fish Tainting Evaluation. 1990.
  5. An Assessment of the Application of Ultraviolet Disinfection
     Technology in Ontario. July 1993.
  6. Spanish Harbour Stage 1: Environmental Conditions and Problem
     Definition. July 1993.
  7. Spanish River Delta Marsh Wetland Evaluation. March 1995.
Fact Sheets:
  1. Spanish Harbour - Great Lakes Remedial Action Plan Status.
  2. Cleanup Fund Fact Sheet: Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant
     Optimization Series No. 1 - Assessment of the Application of
     Ultraviolet Disinfection Technology in Ontario.
Newsletters:
  1. Rapport #1. Summer 1989.
  2. Rapport #2. Summer 1991.
  3. Rapport #3. Winter 1994.
        ditions and Problem
     Definition. July 1993.
  7. Spanish River Delta Marsh Wetland Evaluation. March 1995.
Fact Sheets:
  1. Spanish Harbour - Great Lakes Remedial Action Plan Status.
  2. Cleanup Fund Fact Sheet: Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant
     Optimization Series No. 1 - Assessment of the Application of
     Ultraviolet Disinfection Technology in Ontario.
Newsletters:
  1. Rapport #1. Summer 1989.
  2. Rapport #2. Summer 1991.
  3. Rapport #3. Winter 1994.
                                       r 1994.
             
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st. clair river
J3ISt. Clair River Remedial Action Plan 
Background
The St. Clair River forms the upper-most portion of the corridor between
Lakes Huron and Erie, serving as a connecting channel from Lake Huron to
Lake St.Clair. This 64 km connecting channel is an important international
waterway, with heavy demands put on it as a shipping channel and as a
source of water for power generation, municipal water supply, recreational
uses including boating and fishing, and industrial cooling and process
water.  Industrial and municipal point sources, long-range atmospheric deposition, agricultural runoff, and in-place pollutants all contribute to the use impairments.   A zone of sediment contamination in the St. Clair River extends in an intermittent fashion approximately 6 km south from the Sarnia industrial complex to the east of Stag Island along the Ontario shoreline. Although this zone of contamination remains serious, it has shrunk approximately 75% since 1978.
Discharges of chlorinated organic compounds, heavy metals, oils and
greases, phenols, and suspended solids from petroleum and chemical
industries, combined sewer overflows, sewage treatment plants, spills, as
well as historically contaminated sediments, are the major concerns.
                             RAP Report Status
   * The Stage 2 RAP Recommended Plan was formally presented to provincial,
     federal and state representatives on March 7, 1995. The event was well
     attended by local MPP's, MP's and BPAC members, as well as federal and
     provincial staff. The RAP Team and BPAC are awaiting formal federal
     and provincial responses in order to complete the Implementation
     Annex.
   * Nonprofit organizations, "Friends of the St. Clair River", have been
     formed in both Ontario and Michigan with executive boards comprised of
     BPAC members. They are actively seeking funds to assist with the Stage
     2 implementation activities. Many actions have been taken and have
     resulted in substantial improvements in environmental quality.
   * Implementation priorities have been developed and are actively being
     pursued. BPAC and RIC have established a list of actions, which if
     implemented will result in measurable environmental improvements and
     will allow the St. Clair River to be delisted as an Area of Concern.
   * A consultant has been retained to assist in preparation of the RAP
     Stage 2 Implementation Annex as well as the second RAP Stage 1 update.
     Based on information collected since 1993 when the last Stage 1 update
     was prepared, the RIC and BPAC will be evaluating the status of "Use
     Impairments" and progress in achieving delisting criteria.
   * Environmental quality data and land use/habitat information is being
     compiled into a comprehensive GIS database for the St. Clair River. As
     part of this work, a Natural Heritage Study is being conducted using
     existing digital information in both Ontario and Michigan. This
     information will eventually permit an assessment of habitat in the AOC
     watershed against prescribed numerical targets and assist in
     determining where efforts at habit creation/restoration should be
     focussed.
   * A small but highly contaminated pocket of river sediments was
     discovered by Environment Ontario and Environment Canada personnel
     during late 1995 as part of RAP sediment characterization fieldwork.
     The approximately 15m X 25m zone was located nearshore and immediately
     downstream from the Cole Drain, which until the early 1980's was a
     shore discharge, suggesting that the contaminants were in-place for
     many years.
     Following additional sampling and discussions with MOEE, Environment
     Canada, and the Lambton Industrial Society, Dow Chemical Canada Inc.
     initiated a plan to remove the material from the St. Clair River.
     Because of the presence of a large amount of ice in Lake St. Clair,
     the cleanup operation could not begin until late April, 1996 and
     concluded in early May. Using an environmental dredge, the Cable Arm
     clamshell bucket, precise layers of material were removed with minimal
     stirring up of the river bottom. The material was disposed of at the
     Dow Scott Road landfill.
   * As part of the RAP, activities to evaluate remedial options for other
     less contaminated areas is ongoing. The remaining zones reflect
     historical discharges to the river and studies/discussions on the need
     or suitability of remediating or leaving the sediments alone are
     underway. Results of sediment and benthic studies from 1994-96 are
     being evaluated along with modelling to determine priority areas to be
     considered for remediation.
         ---------------------------------------------------------
                           Community Perspectives
   * The RIC and BPAC are very pleased to announce the completion of a St.
     Clair River "Electronic RAP" on CD ROM. This project, overseen by the
     BPAC education subcommittee and funded by Environment Canada and MOEE,
     is the first of its kind in the Great Lakes basin. The St. Clair River
     RAP documents (Stage 1; Stage 1 update; Stage 2 Recommended Plan +
     Appendices) are contained on the CD. Also on the CD are PC and MAC
     versions of the very successful "Professor Trout" learning game
     developed for the St. Clair River. This is suitable for students from
     grade 4 to high school. The "Electronic RAP" has been prepared in an
     interactive format with sound, video and a powerful search engine. It
     is targeted as a resource to high school, college and university
     students as well as teachers and researchers with interest in the St.
     Clair River. Lambton college (Sarnia) professor and BPAC vice-chair
     Ron Denning, will be using the CD as a teaching tool for his first
     year environmental students starting in January 1997. Others on both
     sides of the St. Clair River have expressed interest in using it as a
     resource. The CD should be available for distribution in early January
     1997.
   * Despite budget cuts and the loss of a public involvement coordinator,
     BPAC and RIC remain committed to seeing the RAP through to completion.
     Grants are actively being sought and efforts are being focussed on
     activities which will assist in education and delisting.
   * Funding from Environment Canada is being used in the development of
     RAP brochures detailing the importance of protecting habitat and
     restoring habitat where possible, as well as describing the RAP
     process and progress. In addition, this funding will be used to
     prepare a RAP audit report assessing the progress of the RAP from the
     point of view of BPAC.
   * Signs developed through funding from the MOEE and Environment Canada
     were installed during this past summer at the Sarnia Centre by the Bay
     (CBB) Bay Point project. These four signs describe the RAP program
     throughout the Great Lakes and specifically, environmental quality in
     the St. Clair River as well as wetlands and public involvement. The
     artwork was also used in the completion of a new portable St. Clair
     River RAP display which has been on display at functions such as
     Envirofest in Sarnia and the recent State of the Lakes Environment
     Conference (SOLEC) conference in Windsor.
   * A workshop and facilitated Task Team approach has been successful at
     expediting the RAP process, as well as ensuring broad based support
     for its conclusions. As critical decisions are made, experts and/or
     potentially responsible parties are invited to participate in
     discussions. BPAC members individually, collectively, and in the media
     have expressed renewed optimism and are encouraged by progress and
     momentum achieved thus far in Stage 2. BPAC members collectively
     support conclusions reached in the document and have gained ownership
     of the report and are supportive to move forward towards
     implementation.
   * The RAP Team and BPAC have discussed and agreed on a RAP
     implementation structure which evolves out of the RAP Team and BPAC
     current structures. Agreement has also been achieved on priority
     actions which will result in environmental improvements necessary for
     delisting the St. Clair River as an Area of Concern.
   * River Week '95 activities were extremely successful and served to
     establish a number of local partnerships for future outreach
     activities. Opening ceremonies were attended by approximately 150
     people including numerous local politicians. Activities included tours
     of the Ontario Clean Water Agency (OCWA) water treatment plant in
     Point Edward as well as the Bluewater Anglers fish hatchery, and a
     release of salmon to the St. Clair River. Local school children
     offered poems and a song about the St. Clair River. Other River Week
     95 activities included a photo tour of Harsen's Island, participation
     at Envirofest, and ECO-day involving 150 students, tours,
     presentations, open houses, and environmental theatrical
     presentations.
   * As part of the outreach activities held during the 60 day Stage 2
     public review period, a number of events were held in 1995 including:
        o Aug. 10 - Media briefing and presentation of St. Clair River
          photo contest 1994 awards;
        o Aug. 20 - St. Clair River kayak rally;
        o Lunchtime RAP sessions every Thursday 11:30-1:30 to discuss RAP
          issues;
        o Labour Day Weekend RAP display at Festival by the Bay, Sarnia;
        o September 9 - Media briefing and MOEE EEAP cheque presentation:
          MPP Bob Huget to Don Poore BPAC Co-chair;
        o Public meetings: Harsen's Island wetland tour (Sept. 9); Sarnia
          (Sept. 20); Port Huron (Sept. 22); St. Clair Co. (Sept. 28);
        o Sept. 20 - ECO-day RAP workshops involving more than 100 grade
          4-8 students from Ontario/Michigan;
   * A joint OPAC/SPAC (Statewide Public Advisory Committee - Michigan) was
     held Sept. 16-18, 1994 following the annual coordinators meeting in
     Sarnia. OPAC/SPAC delegates participated in joint working and greeting
     sessions as well as a tour of the St. Clair River AOC.
                           Implementation Outlook
River separation initiatives, upgraded waste treatment systems, spill
reduction initiatives, and improved housekeeping and reporting practices
will continue to be documented during the development of the RAP.
Lambton Industrial Society member companies have provided current and
projected effluent performance standards. The RAP will evaluate projected
values to determine if further remediation is necessary to achieve the
Stage 2 numerical "yardsticks" or objectives.
The RAP Implementation Committee (RIC), evolving from the RAP team and
BPAC, began meeting early in 1995 to discuss issues-based implementation
activities. The RIC will invite enhanced membership from BPAC. Several
issues have been discussed to date including the proposed discharge by ICI
Canada and activities relating to sediment cleanup.
   Sediment Cleanup
Sediment Characterization:
     Sediment characterization field work was finished in 1994. Further
     activities have been initiated for 1995 to collect remaining
     information on sediment dynamics which will be incorporated into a
     three-dimensional model. It is hoped that this research will clarify
     whether the contaminated sediment is moving down river or remaining
     in-place. The assessment is on-going and an in-situ treatment or
     removal pilot project is planned, contingent on an evaluation of model
     results.
   Public Education
This on-going project involves the implementation of outreach,
communications, and public involvement activities.
   Environmental Quality Monitoring
Geographic Information System (GIS) Establishment:
     GIS is a software solution for the organization, analysis, and
     presentation of data in space. It can be used to generate very
     accurate maps representing the distribution of sampled data points for
     easy visualization. Data plotted spatially is a good tool for
     communicating current information about RAP progress or changes over
     time. This project proposes to collect existing physical, chemical,
     and biological data from the St. Clair River into appropriate
     geo-referenced files to provide useful trend comparisons in space and
     over time. Activities will include analyzing contaminant distributions
     based on hydrodynamic modelling, data collection by NWRI during the
     study of bottom types, and providing information which will be merged
     with geo-referenced chemical and biological data collected by MOEE and
     LIS.
   Modelling and Research
Air Screening / Air Deposition Modelling:
     This project will deal with modelling the release of atmospheric
     contaminants into the St. Clair River and the surrounding watershed.
     Activities will include screening to assess ambient air conditions and
     tailoring models to determine if local atmospheric discharges are
     impacting the St. Clair River AOC. This activity was initiated in
     1995/96, initially based on NPRI loadings data, and will involve more
     in-depth emission modelling to discriminate impacts from local sources
     vs. long range sources, and their relative impacts on the St. Clair
     River and watershed.
Hydrodynamic Modelling:
     This project proposes to develop a three-dimensional hydrodynamic
     model to determine sediment dynamics and the fate of contaminated
     sediments over time. This model will assess impacts of changes in
     point source loadings over time as well as effects of other physical
     and biological processes on sediment contaminant levels over time.
     Models have already been successfully used to predict waterborne
     contaminant levels based on predicted vs. historical discharges of
     benezene and other contaminants of concern.
Sediment Modelling:
     Sediment characterization work was conducted in 1994-96 and the data
     will provide a comprehensive look at contaminant distribution and the
     effects on biota within identified priority 1 impact zones. This
     project proposes to study sediment dynamics to determine whether
     action need be taken in the near future or whether it should be left
     to disperse on its own over time. Activities will include developing a
     three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of sediment impact zones,
     constructing a two-dimensional model for the entire river, a study of
     contaminant exchange between sediment and water, evaluating the fate
     of sediment-bound contaminants, quantifying the exposure/hazard of
     sediment-bound contaminants through biomonitoring, and the collection
     of site-specific sediment data on physical and chemical
     characteristics to incorporate into models.
   Fish and Wildlife Monitoring
Watershed Management:
     Non-point sources from urban and rural areas within the AOC have been
     identified as being significant sources of some contaminants that were
     highlighted in the RAP Recommended Plan. This project proposes
     remediation at landfills with known concerns as well as efforts to
     minimize rural agriculture inputs through runoff. Watershed management
     studies in both Ontario and Michigan have been identified as one area
     where more specific information is required before remedial actions
     can be recommended or implemented.
   Fish and Wildlife Habitat Rehabilitation and Restoration
Tall-Grass Prairie Nursery:
     In 1993 a number of candidate sites (See Habitat Remediation on Stag
     Island) were identified along the river that may be suitable for
     habitat rehabilitation such as the re-establishment of tall-grass
     prairie. This project proposes to establish a tall-grass prairie
     nursery for seed supply.
Habitat Remediation (Bear Creek Wetland, Darcy McKeough floodway, MacDonald
Park, and Stag Island):
     Stag Island is the site of a provincially significant wetland. This
     project proposes habit expansion by re-establishing aquatic
     vegetation, and by revegetating the upland areas with tall-grass
     prairie. The protection of a forested area on the island is also
     proposed with a conservation easement . Stag Island was chosen as a
     candidate site for remediation since there is heavy industrial and
     urban development on both the American and Canadian shores, with
     potential to make this Island a cooperative international project.
   Agriculture
Conservation Tillage:
     This project proposes to promote the usage of conservation tillage
     practices in the St. Clair area to prevent erosion, topsoil loss, and
     surface runoff into the River.
                                Publications
  1. Proceedings of the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels Binational
     RAP Modelling Seminar. February 1993.
  2. Binational RAP Poster. March 1993
  3. St. Clair River RAP Perpetual Calender. March 1993
  4. St. Clair River RAP Stage 1 Addendum Draft. March 1993
  5. St. Clair River RAP Remedial Options. April 1993
  6. St. Clair River RAP Stage 1 Update/Addendum Draft #2. June 18, 1993.
  7. Responsiveness Document - RAP Comments on Update Draft #2. August 16,
     1993.
  8. St. Clair River RAP Stage 1 Update/Addendum.
  9. Task Team Strategic Action Plans Q4/93-Q1/94.
 10. First Draft Stage 2 Report. April 23, 1994.
 11. Second Draft Stage 2 Report. April 30, 1994.
 12. Responsiveness Document - Technical comments on April 30th Draft Stage
     2 report.
 13. Third Draft Stage 2 Report for COA review. July 15, 1994.
 14. Fourth Draft Stage 2 Report for Public Review. August 10, 1994.
 15. Responsiveness document(s) for COA and Public Review comments. Nov. 7,
     1994.
 16. Fifth Draft Stage 2 Report for BPAC endorsement and COA review. Nov.
     30, 1994.
 17. Final Stage 2 RAP Recommended Plan and Appendices. March 7, 1995.
 18. St. Clair River "Electronic RAP". December 1996.
 19. Environmental Assessment of Upper St. Clair River Sediments and
     Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities - 1994. December 1996.
 16. Fifth Draft Stage 2 Report for BPAC endorsement and COA review. Nov.
     30, 1994.
 17. Final Stage 2 RAP Recommended Plan and Appendices. March 7, 1995.
 18. St. Clair River "Electronic RAP". December 1996.
 19. Environmental Assessment of Upper St. Clair River Sediments and
     Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities - 1994. December 1996.
mber 1996.
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st. lawrence river
fSt. Lawrence River Remedial Action Plan 
Background
The St. Lawrence River at Cornwall Area of Concern (AOC) extends from the
Moses-Saunders Power Dam at Cornwall to the Beauharnois Power Dam in
Quebec. It is a complex jurisdictional area involving Canada, United
States, Ontario, Quebec, New York State, and Mohawks of Akwesasne
interests. Transboundary impacts of PCBs from the U.S. Superfund sites in
Massena, New York and mercury from industries in Cornwall, Ontario are the
major causes of contamination.
At the insistence of New York State, separate RAPs are being developed on
the Canadian and United States sides of the St. Lawrence River each with their own use use impairments.
                             RAP Report Status
   * The Stage 1 Report was submitted to the IJC in 1992 and approved in
     1993.
   * As part of the Stage 2 process, a preferred options discussion
     document Choices for Cleanup: Deciding the Future of a Great River was
     released to the public in August 1994.
   * A binational document summarizing the results of the U.S. and Canadian
     Stage 1 Reports was released in 1995.
   * An Addendum to the Stage 1 Report was released in February 1995,
     providing an update on environmental monitoring between 1988 and 1992.
   * Draft Stage 2 Report - submission to RAP Steering Committee expected
     Winter 1997.
         ---------------------------------------------------------
                           Community Perspectives
The Cornwall Public Advisory Committee (PAC) was formed in 1988 and has
been consistently working towards achievement of the public use goals it
formulated in 1989. The PAC meets monthly and its subcommittees meet more frequently as required.
In fall 1994, various open houses, a public input session, and a special
presentation to municipal representatives were hosted by the PAC to
introduce the document Choices for Cleanup: Deciding the Future of A Great
River to the community and receive public input regarding the preferred
options presented in the report. Choices for Cleanup outlines environmental
problems and their causes in the AOC and discusses seventy-nine preferred
remedial options selected by the PAC in consultation with the RAP Team.
The PAC Chair has given presentations about the RAP to teachers at a
Professional Development day, to high school classes, and to a Youth
Environmental Symposium. Both PAC and RAP Team members have made many presentations to scientific conferences hosted by the St. Lawrence River
Institute for Environmental Sciences in Cornwall, as well as a variety of
other community groups. PAC and RAP Team members participated in a local TV show on the topic of the recommendations for cleaning up the river. The PAC also sets up displays each year at the Cornwall Sportsman's Show, the
Cornwall Home & Trade Show, and at the Ontario Public Advisory Council
(OPAC) conference.
The recommendations for cleanup of the St. Lawrence AOC which brought about the most public response were those concerning the preservation of wetlands in the AOC. The recommendations in Choices for Cleanup are in agreement with the provincial Wetlands Policy of the day; the landowners found the policy much too restrictive. Recent changes to the provincial Planning Act have resulted in a more flexible interpretation of the policy, reflecting the need to incorporate both natural heritage and development values into land use changes. Other environmental concerns in the AOC revolve around contaminants in sediments, contaminants in fish and their impact on human consumption, industrial inputs of contaminants, and the problem of upstream inputs to the AOC.
Since the beginning of the RAP, Cornwall has seen several industries close
down. This has stopped inputs of contaminants from two major industrial
point sources. However, sediment along the Cornwall waterfront is
contaminated with a range of persistent toxic, inorganic, and organic
substances. Federal and provincial governments are working to develop a
strategy for ensuring that appropriate actions are taken to address the
problem in accordance with RAP recommendations.
The PAC had a role in the establishment of a Pollution Control Plan for the
City of Cornwall. The PAC has endorsed two proposals for treatment of
stormwater, one at the Fly Creek Storm Water Retention Pond, studies for
which have been supported by the Great Lakes Cleanup Fund, and the second
regarding creation of a treatment tank on the waterfront which is now in
early planning stages.
The PAC has been faithfully served by many representatives of various
stakeholders' groups concerned with the RAP, but over the disappointingly
long process it has lost some representatives. The PAC has been considering
ways in which it can continue to ensure environmental improvement in the
ecosystem after the Stage 2 report is produced. Cooperation with other
environmental initiatives is considered essential, but it is not yet clear
what form this will take. The PAC increasingly considers that matters such
as air pollution and the use of pesticides and herbicides are important to
the RAP. PAC members believe that hands on activities are important to
foster a sense of public stewardship. The PAC is very active in the Ontario
Public Advisory Council (OPAC), recognizing that some issues are shared
across the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Basin and need to be addressed on a
broader geographic basis.
         ---------------------------------------------------------
                        Map Showing Actions Underway
         ---------------------------------------------------------
                           Implementation Outlook
PAC's Technical Subcommittee is concerned about cleanup plans to be
implemented at U.S. sites. MOEE and Environment Canada have cooperated in submitting technical comments on U.S. cleanup plans for the GM, Reynolds,
and ALCOA Superfund sites. Environment Canada monitored EPA dredging
preparations at the GM site in October 1994 and closely monitored dredging
operations as they proceeded in 1995. A long-term monitoring program
investigating transboundary movement of contaminants will be carried out by
Environment Canada, MOEE, and Environment Quebec.
   Fish and Wildlife Monitoring
Wildlife Monitoring:
     Recently, cleanup actions have been implemented, contaminant loads
     have been reduced due to recent industrial closures, and process
     upgrades have occurred. A monitoring program is being established to
     indicate changes to the environment as a result of these actions.
     Activities include building a network of volunteer observers to
     provide long-term low cost monitoring of birds and amphibians in order
     to obtain a baseline data set to assess changes, and developing site
     plans for the incorporation of riparian and aquatic habitat features
     to sustain fisheries. A major feature of this program is the
     incorporation and coordination of all existing monitoring programs in
     the area and the direct input this program will provide to the
     delisting criteria. Funding for wildlife monitoring is being sought
     with various partners on an on-going basis. In addition, mudpuppies,
     tree swallows, redwing blackbirds, and waterfowl are, or have been,
     monitored for contaminant levels and their biological impacts by the
     Canadian Wildlife Service (Environment Canada).
Fish Community Monitoring:
     Ongoing activities include a cyclical community assessment monitoring
     program using index netting throughout the AOC and assessment of
     angler catches and the population dynamics of harvested fish. This
     program has been ongoing since the early 1980s and will continue to
     provide information on the trends in the fish community. Incorporation
     of data from the ecorecovery project will enhance this data set. In
     addition, monitoring of the American eel migratory population at the
     eel ladder will continue as this is the only site in North America
     where standardized recruitment data are available. This is
     particularly important given the substantial decline in this species.
Monitoring of Contaminant Levels in Fish and Wildlife Related to
Consumption:
     Monitoring of sports fish and commercial fish has continued since 1970
     and will continue on an annual or biannual cycle to determine the
     guidelines for consumption of sports fish and the sale of commercial
     fish. Walleye have been collected more frequently and at more specific
     sites and are the major monitoring fish species for contaminant
     trends. Waterfowl harvested in the fall have also been sampled for
     contaminants and although levels are higher than in other parts of the
     Great Lakes, and despite the absence of specific consumption
     guidelines, Health and Welfare Canada have determined that waterfowl
     can be consumed with no restriction. Health and Welfare Canada also
     conducted a health study on consumers of fish and wildlife in the AOC
     and determined that even high consumers were not at an elevated health
     risk.
Fish Tumour Monitoring:
     One potential monitoring program for contaminant effects on fish is
     the monitoring of walleye and white sucker liver tumour rates in the
     AOC. Results from 1990 sampling indicated that walleye liver tumour
     rates were substantially higher than at any other sites in the Great
     Lakes basin which were sampled. In 1995, another study was completed
     on the AOC walleye, using upstream walleye as a control. Surprisingly,
     tumour rates were similar. Further work was conducted in the Bay of
     Quinte in 1996 and tumour rates were found to be comparable. At this
     time it is not clear what is causing the tumours but it is clear that
     the cause is not limited to the AOC. Further work throughout the basin
     is being planned to determine if the tumours are a natural feature of
     old walleye or if some environmental factor in the basin is
     responsible.
Spottail Shiners Monitoring:
     Spottail shiners are effective biomonitors of water quality and have
     been used extensively throughout the Great Lakes basin. Spottail
     shiners have been used as biomonitors in the Cornwall AOC since 1979
     at 26 sampling stations. They have been analyzed for a number of
     bioaccumulative contaminants. High concentrations of PCBs in sediment
     are a serious environmental problem in the St. Lawrence (Massena) AOC.
     In 1992, 1994 and 1995 spottail shiners were analyzed for
     congener-specific PCBs in addition to the routine monitoring of other
     parameters. In 1995, PCB-contaminated sediment was dredged from the
     St. Lawrence River adjacent to the GM plant at Massena, New York.
     Sampling and analysis of spottail shiners is being continued, to
     determine whether dredging activities impact biota and to determine if
     the remediation was successful in reducing the availability of PCBs to
     biota. Activities will include a technical report on PCBs in the
     biota, identifying likely contaminant sources, and investigating the
     movement of PCBs due to dredging. The area of contaminant input may be
     investigated for possible control options.
   Fish and Wildlife Habitat Rehabilitation and Restoration
Cornwall Waterfront Littoral Zone Restoration:
     The restoration along Cornwall's waterfront includes 15 remaining
     projects with three already implemented and four to be implemented in
     1996/97. Activities are designed to increase aquatic habitat
     diversity, productivity, and habitat area. Projects include the
     construction of artificial reefs and islands, the creation of a new
     tributary along the waterfront, and shoreline wetland construction.
     Eight projects are planned for construction during the next five
     years. Pre-construction monitoring has been completed; for some
     projects post-construction monitoring has also been done. Partnerships
     are being sought to implement the individual projects.
Lake St. Francis Tributary Restoration:
     The tributary restoration program for Sutherland, MacIntosh, and
     Westley's Creeks has been expanded to include all tributaries. To
     date, over 9,000 trees have been planted. The program began in 1994
     and will continue for five years.
GIS Habitat Supply Analysis
     A program is underway to develop an integrated federal and provincial
     GIS database for both the aquatic and terrestrial parts of the AOC.
     Targeted for completion in 1997 or 1998, this will provide the
     analytical capability for, amongst other things, a habitat supply
     analysis for the entire AOC and a database for all of the monitoring
     data for fish and wildlife populations and habitat. This capability is
     critical not only for setting appropriate delisting criteria for some
     impairments but for tracking restoration of the AOC to a non-impaired
     state.
Point Mouillee-Bainsville Bay Habitat Restoration:
     The Point Mouillee-Bainsville Bay area contains a provincially
     significant wetland which has been degraded by erosion. A project to
     reduce erosion, restore the wetland, and establish protection for the
     area has been proposed. This project is on hold pending negotiations
     with the landowners.
Sediment Dynamics:
     Bottom sediments in the St. Lawrence River along the Cornwall
     waterfront have elevated levels of contaminants. Collaborative
     research is being undertaken by Environment Canada-National Water
     Research Institute to develop techniques to quantify two important
     aspects for assessing the potential of these sediments to impair the
     quality of the environment now and in the future.
     Fixed frame transducers have been installed at several sites along the
     waterfront. The transducers as configured have the resolution to
     detect incremental increases or decreases in the accumulation of new,
     cleaner sediment from upstream. If sufficient cleaner sediment does
     accumulate it will serve to isolate the contaminated material from the
     environment. This information will assist the RAP Team in evaluating
     remedial options for contaminated sediment.
     In addition, the mobility of the sediment along the river bottom is
     being monitored using optical techniques. The data will help to
     determine if there are pulses related to either seasonal or storm
     conditions which may result in downstream transport of the
     contaminated sediment.
     The RAP Team has supported the development of a data logger which will
     capture data from both the fixed frame transducers and the optical
     instrumentation. This will allow for a higher frequency of
     measurements as well as provide critical information on early spring
     conditions which are potentially very dynamic.
Gray's Creek Sediment Monitoring:
     This project is being done to support a possible stormwater control
     project within the City of Cornwall. Activities will include measuring
     sediment quality in the receiving waters of Gray's Creek before and
     after the project is implemented. The analyses will target nutrients
     and trace metals.
RoxAnn Pilot - Sediment Surveillance:
     The RAP Team is pursuing many innovative approaches to delineate and
     solve the problems associated with contaminated sediments in the AOC.
     Since 1993, Environment Canada-National Water Research Institute has
     being applying a remote sensing technology called RoxAnn to assist in
     the delineation of zones of sediment type along the Cornwall
     waterfront. The data, which was geo-referenced, proved invaluable to
     the design and implementation of a sediment quality sampling effort
     which was conducted in 1994 by MOEE and supported by Environment
     Canada. The RoxAnn technology also provides a way of assessing the
     yearly incremental changes in the size and characteristics of
     depositional zones which are influenced by river dynamics. The data
     also supports information requirements for assessing boundaries of
     contaminated zones and potential costs for possible remedial
     activities.
Long Term Sampling Sites (LTSS) for Delisting:
     Environment Canada, in partnership with MOEE, has established a
     network of semi-permanent Long-Term Sensing Sites in support of the
     RAP. This network will provide critical data to assess the response of
     the river, as measured by sediment quality, to remedial activities
     with the AOC.
Sutherland Creek Water Quality Study:
     Water samples were collected from Sutherland Creek in 1994/95 to allow
     the assessment of impacts and ecosystem improvements resulting from
     planned cleanup actions. The laboratory analysis is now complete and
     the final report will be released. This project comprises the
     pre-monitoring for water quality for Lake St. Francis Tributary
     Restoration activities. The data gathered so far will be interpreted
     and presented in the final report and are being used to develop
     baseline data for future assessment. Existing conditions will be
     compared with post-remedial action impacts.
   Stormwater
Fly Creek Stormwater Pond:
     The St. Lawrence River AOC has been identified as an area with
     moderate to severe urban stormwater and CSO problems. A pollution
     control planning study completed in 1995 concluded that stormwater
     discharge from the Fly Creek catchment area is a significant component
     of the total wet weather contaminant load (about 25%). Currently, a
     stormwater pond is being used for flood control but can't be used for
     quality control due to design inadequacies. The proposed project would
     retrofit the Fly Creek stormwater retention pond to enhance
     contaminant removal, provide stormwater control solutions and improve
     the local habitat. Activities will include an environmental
     assessment, a feasibility study, retrofit design, and a detailed
     sampling program.
   Public Education
The RAP Team and other researchers have compiled an extensive and
innovative database for the St. Lawrence AOC. Sections of the database,
such as land use patterns and contaminant distribution, will be provided in
map format using Geographic Information System (GIS) software. The maps
will be displayed at RAP and PAC events to better inform the public about
environmental trends in the AOC. All RAP recommendations that involve an
educational component will be presented as an integrated education strategy
in the Stage 2 Report.
St. Lawrence RAP PAC Communications-Outreach-Awareness:
     New partners and increased community support are needed to implement
     the cleanup actions and to sustain the environmental improvements for
     delisting. This project continues to develop a
     communication-outreach-awareness program in order to communicate and
     promote RAP activities. The main objectives are to educate and involve
     the public in environmental issues in the AOC, and to gain new
     partners and provide support and credit to those involved in the RAP
     program. Activities include an information booth at the Cornwall Home
     & Trade Show and the Cornwall Sportsman's Show, public meetings to
     discuss the Stage 2 Report, transport and setup of the St. Lawrence
     RAP display, communication with the AOC municipal Heads of Council,
     and completion of the St. Lawrence Environmental Education Kit.
   Modelling and Research
Socio-Economic Study:
     In 1994/95, Environment Canada initiated a socioeconomic benefits
     assessment of the AOC. A report was released in 1996 describing the
     findings of the study. Socioeconomic information from the study will
     be included in the Stage 2 Report.
   Agriculture
Ecosystem Protection:
     A restoration program was introduced for the Sutherland Creek
     watershed in 1993 to address rural non-point sources of pollution. The
     program included landowners, water quality sampling, a landowner
     awareness workshop, Environmental Farm Plans and the initiation of a
     CURB project. In 1994, surveys of water quality were completed on
     Westley's and MacIntosh Creeks, followed up by a cleanup plan. The
     tributary restoration program has now expanded to include MacIntosh
     and Westley's Creeks in addition to Sutherland Creek. Activities
     include expanding rural participation, increasing the partnership with
     the Raisin River Conservation Authority, and directly addressing rural
     pollution sources identified in the St. Lawrence RAP report (Choices
     for Cleanup: Deciding the Future of a Great River). The partnership
     uses the existing program management structure to eliminate service
     duplication and maximize product delivery. The actions will reduce
     nutrient and bacteria loads to the St. Lawrence River as well as
     demonstrate improved agriculture practices.
                                Publications
  1. Richman, L. 1996. St. Lawrence River Sediment Assessment, 1994.
     Cornwall, Ontario. MOEE Report. February 1996.
  2. Hayes, M.A. and C. Portt. 1996. Liver Pathology of Walleye from Raisin
     River and Hoople Creek. Final Report to St. Lawrence RAP Team.
  3. BEAK Consultants. 1996. Cornwall Waterfront - Baseline Fish Community
     Assessment Study. September 1994. Report prepared for MNR (Cornwall)
     and Environment Canada Great Lakes 2000 Cleanup Fund. 13 pp. +
     Appendices 1-3.
  4. Code, A.E. 1996. Water quality retrofit of Fly Creek stormwater
     management system. In: Roger D. Needham and E. Nicholas Novakowski
     (eds.) Sharing Knowledge, Linking Sciences: An International
     Conference on the St. Lawrence Ecosystem. Conference Proceedings,
     Volume 2. (Ottawa: IREE, University of Ottawa). 419 pp.
  5. Cumming Cockburn Ltd. 1996. Littoral Zone Habitat Restoration Study:
     Cornwall, Ontario. Report prepared for MNR (Cornwall), Environment
     Canada Great Lakes 2000 Cleanup Fund and Raisin Region Conservation
     Authority. 44 pp. + Appendices A-B.
  6. Hickey, M.B.C. 1996. Red Shouldered Hawks (Buteo lineatus): Recovery
     Plan for the Cornwall Area of Concern. Prepared for MNR (Cornwall) and
     Environment Canada Great Lakes Cleanup Fund. 7 pp.
  7. Hickey, M.B.C. 1996. Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens): Recovery
     Plan for the Cornwall Area of Concern. Prepared for MNR (Cornwall) and
     Environment Canada Great Lakes Cleanup Fund. 5 pp.
  8. Hickey, M.B.C. 1996. American Coot (Fulica americana): Recovery Plan
     for the Cornwall Area of Concern. Prepared for MNR (Cornwall) and
     Environment Canada Great Lakes Cleanup Fund. 6 pp.
  9. Stride, F. and S.I. Dreier. 1996. St. Lawrence (Cornwall) Remedial
     Action Plan: An overview of actions, 1986-1995. In: Roger D. Needham
     and E. Nicholas Novakowski (eds.) Sharing Knowledge, Linking Sciences:
     An International Conference on the St. Lawrence Ecosystem. Conference
     Proceedings, Volume 2. (Ottawa: IREE, University of Ottawa). 419 pp.
 10. St. Lawrence RAP Team. 1995. Addendum to Stage 1 Report of St.
     Lawrence Remedial Action Plan (Cornwall/Lake St. Francis Area)
     (1988-1992).
 11. J. Metcalfe-Smith, L. Richman, R. Santiago, J. Biberhofer and J.
     Anderson. 1995. St. Lawrence RAP Technical Report No. 6. Chemical
     Characterization of St. Lawrence River Sediments in the Vicinity of
     the Oil Tank Storage Area, Cornwall, Ontario.
 12. Kearney, J., D.C. Cole and D. Haines. 1995. Report on the Great Lakes
     Anglers Pilot Exposure Assessment Study. Great Lakes Health Effects
     Program, Health Canada (Ottawa: Health Canada). 99 pp. + 9 Appendices.
 13. Hickey, M.B.C. 1995. A Wildlife Monitoring Strategy for the
     Cornwall-Lake St. Francis Area of Concern. Unpublished working paper.
     MNR (Cornwall) and Environment Canada Great Lakes Cleanup Fund. 44 pp.
 14. St. Lawrence RAP Team and St. Lawrence (Cornwall) Public Advisory
     Committee. 1994. Choices for Cleanup: Deciding the Future of a Great
     River. St. Lawrence River Remedial Action Plan Options Discussion
     Paper.
 15. St. Lawrence RAP: Issues and Options. 1994. (Seven brochure set with
     cover folder.)
 16. Richman, L.A. 1994. St. Lawrence River Sediment and Biological
     Assessment 1991. Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy. ISBN
     0-7778-2743-3.
 17. Poulton, D.J. 1994. 1991 Cornwall Low-Level Metals Survey. Ontario
     Ministry of Environment and Energy. ISBN 0-7778-1317-3.
 18. Comba, M.E., K.L.E. Kaiser and S.M. Backus. 1993. Distribution of
     Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners in Spottail Shiners from the St.
     Lawrence River. NOI Research Report RAP-100-92, No.1 (Burlington:
     Environment Canada). 48 pp.
 19. McCorquodale, J.A., S.P. Zhou, Z. Ji. 1993. St. Lawrence RAP Technical
     Report No. 4. Pollutant Transport in the Cornwall Channel of the St.
     Lawrence River.
 20. Jardine, C.G. 1992. St. Lawrence RAP Technical Report No. 3. Fish
     Tainting Evaluation.
 21. St. Lawrence RAP Team. 1992. St. Lawrence River Area of Concern
     Remedial Action Plan for the Cornwall-Lake St. Francis Area, Stage 1
     Report: Environmental Conditions and Problem Definition.
 22. St. Lawrence RAP Team. 1992. St. Lawrence RAP Technical Report No. 1.
     Technical Workshop on Remedial Options in the Cornwall Area of
     Concern. March 1992.
 23. Anderson, J. and J. Biberhofer. 1991. St. Lawrence RAP Technical
     Report No. 2. Water and Suspended Sediment Quality in the St. Lawrence
     River at Cornwall/Massena: 1988 Data Report.
         nd Problem Definition.
 22. St. Lawrence RAP Team. 1992. St. Lawrence RAP Technical Report No. 1.
     Technical Workshop on Remedial Options in the Cornwall Area of
     Concern. March 1992.
 23. Anderson, J. and J. Biberhofer. 1991. St. Lawrence RAP Technical
     Report No. 2. Water and Suspended Sediment Quality in the St. Lawrence
     River at Cornwall/Massena: 1988 Data Report.
                                          Report.
                                        
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st. marys river
St. Marys River Remedial Action Plan 
Background
The St. Mary's River is a 112 km connecting channel between Lakes Superior
and Huron. The Area of Concern extends from the head of the river at
Whitefish Bay (Point Iroquois), downstream through St.Joseph Channel to
Humburg Point on the Ontario side, and to the outlet of Lake Munuscong at
Point aux Frenes on the Michigan side. Severe impairment of water quality,
sediment, and biota remain on the Ontario shoreline due to major point
source discharges.   Contaminants of concern include: oil and grease, suspended solids, metals, phenols, ammonia, bacteria, and PAHs. Sources contributing to the use impairments include: Algoma Steel, two Ontario water pollution control plants, St. Mary's Paper, one Michigan wastewater treatment plant, and three Ontario tributaries. Non-point sources, such as the Cannelton Tannery site in Michigan, contribute to a lesser extent than the point sources.
Combined sewer overflows in Michigan and wet weather, by-pass events in
Ontario also contribute to the use impairments. Loss of wetlands and rapids
habitat due to urban/industrial development, and operation of navigational
structures are also a concern.
                             RAP Report Status
   * Results from ongoing projects pertaining to sediment remediation and
     habitat restoration, along with Task Team reports, will be
     incorporated into the Options Discussion Document for the RAP. Based
     on BPAC and RAP Team input, preferred options will be identified and
     presented to the local communities.
         ---------------------------------------------------------
                           Community Perspectives
   * A report on public involvement has recently been produced.
                           Implementation Outlook
   Sediment Cleanup
     The first phase of a sediment characterization study has been
     completed. The final results will assist in determining suitable
     options for priority areas of sediment contamination.
   Fish and Wildlife Habitat Restoration and Rehabilitation
Ongoing projects:
Urban Sub-watershed Plan Development:
     A planning document for Bennett-Davignon Creek system is presently
     underway.
Fish and Wildlife Habitat Restoration Planning:
   o Options development is presently underway.
   o GIS habitat mapping project, incorporating results of Flora and Fauna
     Task Team, work is underway.
   Industry
The Algoma Steel Inc.
     Algoma Steel has plans for CAD$45 million in environmental controls,
     scheduled for implementation by the end of 1996. These plans include a
     water recycling facility and coke oven improvements. In addition, the
     Algoma slip has been dredged, resulting in the removal of contaminated
     sediments.
Cannelton Site
     The US Environmental Protection Agency issued a Record of Decision
     (ROD) in the fall of 1992 for the former tannery site (Cannelton
     Industries Superfund Site). The three year US$14.4 million project
     will: remove and dispose of debris, waste, soils, and sediments; and
     preserve area wetlands to the greatest extent possible. In 1995,
     shoreline protection was completed to prevent further erosion.
     Pre-design studies are complete and public comments have been
     received. Modifications to the ROD are being finalized and the
     remediation project is expected to begin this fall (1996).
City of Sault Ste Marie (ON)
     The RAP Team and BPAC have made a recommendation to the city and
     received support from the Great Lakes 2000 Cleanup Fund for an
     optimization study of the East End Wastewater Treatment Plant.
City of Sault Ste Marie (MI)
     The City of Sault Ste. Marie, MI has submitted a plan to Michigan
     Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) to separate storm sewers from
     sanitary sewers to control combined sewer overflows (CSOs) to the St.
     Marys River. Construction is underway on this twenty-four year, US$17
     million project.
   Public Education
Innovative Ecosystem Monitoring
     Monitoring to determine effectiveness of remedial actions is costly,
     is often abandoned in times of constraint, is focused upon action to
     restore localized, site specific impairments, and usually does not
     address ecosystem response to rehabilitation actions. An exception is
     the Lake Superior LakeWatch program which is cost-effective,
     integrative, public-supported, and conducted by volunteers.
     The proposed candidates for an ecosystem data base include ecosystem
     based measures (eg. number of song birds, arrival date of loons, catch
     from fishing derbies) which also respond to local remediation.
     Assessment at AOCs commonly measure finite parameters (eg.
     concentration of PAHs, sediment properties). Proposed monitoring is
     inclusive and uses programs, interest, and expertise developed in
     public clubs, groups, and schools. This program will provide
     effective, low cost monitoring because in-place programs will be
     utilized. Effort will be directed at screening candidate measures,
     organizing public groups and ecosystem monitoring programs in-place,
     and creating a five-AOC, Lake Superior data base.
                                Publications
Published:
  1. St. Marys River Stage 1 RAP - Environmental Conditions and Problem
     Definitions, May 1992.
  2. Slag Disposal Site Investigation at Algoma Steel Corp. March 1992.
  3. RAP Flyer - P.U.C. insert. September 1992.
  4. Goals Newsletter. October 1992.
  5. St. Marys River RAP, Tainted Fish Survey, Ontario Ministry of Natural
     Resources. September 18, 1992.
  6. Water Users Survey - St. Marys River, Ontario Ministry of Environment
     & Energy. August 13, 1993.
  7. The St. Mary's River RAP Public Involvement Program: A Review. 1994.
ublic Involvement Program: A Review. 1994.
C. insert. September 1992.
  4. Goals Newsletter. October 1992.
  5. St. Marys River RAP, Tainted Fish Survey, Ontario Ministry of Natural
     Resources. September 18, 1992.
  6. Water Users Survey - St. Marys River, Ontario Ministry of Environment
     & Energy. August 13, 1993.
  7. The St. Mary's River RAP Public Involvement Program: A Review. 1994.
w. 1994.
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Thunder Bay Remedial Action Plan 
Background
Thunder Bay is located on the north shore of Lake Superior. The Area of
Concern extends about 28 km along the shoreline and up to 9 km offshore.
Thunder Bay is a major Canadian port and one of the largest grain handling
ports in the world. Much progress has been made in the past two decades to
improve water quality. The most seriously degraded areas within the Area of
Concern include the Kaministiquia River, the Inner Thunder Bay Harbour, and
Chippewa Beach. Water quality problems are primarily a result of discharges
from the forest products industry (pulp and paper and wood preservation).
Canadian Pacific Forest Products, Provincial Papers (previously
Abitibi-Price) and Abitibi-Price (Fort William Division) are the three pulp
mills operating in the Thunder Bay Area of Concern. Abitibi-Price (Thunder
Bay Division Mill) was shut down in 1992. Industrial and municipal point
sources, long-range atmospheric deposition, agricultural runoff, and
in-place pollutants all contribute to the use impairments. 
  RAP Report Status
   * As the RAP now progresses into its second stage, one of the key
     accomplishments has been progress with respect to remediation of the
     Northern Wood site. Through a combination of effort, Environment
     Canada, Ontario MOE, the RAP Public Advisory Committee and the three
     industries have reached a $ 9.3 M agreement to restore the site.
         ---------------------------------------------------------
                           Community Perspectives
   * Wake Up to Your Waterfront, a community shoreline cleanup, was held
     for the third consecutive year.
   * The fifth annual "Lake Superior Day" (July 21, 1996) was a great
     success. Once again hundreds of people enjoyed environmental exhibits,
     educational activities, and live entertainment on the Thunder Bay
     waterfront.
   * The RAP has a high profile with considerable general public awareness
     and support.
   * All four Lake Superior RAPs have pulp and paper representatives on the
     PACs. They actively voice the industry's concerns regarding
     environmental controls. Currently Avenor Inc., Abitibi-Price,
     Provincial Papers and Northern Wood are represented on the Thunder
     Bay  PAC.
                           Implementation Outlook
Many of the water quality issues are being addressed as a result of process
changes and improved effluent treatment at local pulp and paper mills.
Various demonstration projects have also been directed towards the
restoration/creation of fish and wildlife habitat in the AOC. The two most
significant outstanding issues include the Northern Wood site and secondary
treatment at the Thunder Bay STP. 
With respect to Northern Wood site, an agreement was signed in August 1997.  The agreement calls for the expenditure of $ 9.3 M over three years to isolate the contaminant source, remediate the contaminated sediment and enhance fish habitat.  On May 14th, 1997, following a public consultation process, the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency concluded that the project was not likely to cause significant adverse environmental effects.  Work began on the site in August with the construction of a containment berm, completed in November 1997.  Removal of the contaminated sediment began in October with completion by December.
Treatment of the contaminated sediment will start in the spring of 1998 and may take up to two years to complete, depending on the technology selected. Other site work began in the spring of 1997 including the construction of a clay barrier along the face of the Northern Wood wharf, the placement of fill behind the containment berm and the development of fish habitat.  Construction on the site is expected to be complete by the end of 1999.    
With respect to the STP, the municipality is committed in principle to the upgrade, and with the assistance of the Great Lakes 2000 Cleanup Fund, will soon begin a pilot plant evaluation.
A binational partnership between the Thunder Bay, St. Mary's, and St. Louis
AOCs has been proposed. These areas face similar remediation issues of
degraded waterfront habitat and concerns for waterfront development.
Through partnerships and pooling of resources, efficient plans can be
simultaneously developed and implemented in all three Areas of Concern.
A watershed management plan that addresses urban and rural development in the Slate River Valley is nearing completion.
   Fish and Wildlife Habitat Rehabilitation and Restoration
Ontario Hydro has approached the RAP regarding entering into a partnership
for environmental enhancement of their thermal generating station on
Mission Island. Ontario Hydro is interested in developing project ideas
surrounding ecosystem linkages and demonstrating innovative biotechnology with direct industrial applications. This partnership has the potential to be an excellent communication and education program for all areas involved.
Rehabilitation programs are being developed for threatened populations of
lake sturgeon in the Kaministiquia River. The recovery of lake sturgeon
will be facilitated by improved watershed and stream bank management to
reduce sedimentation. Tributaries of the Kam River have been deforested and developed for rural housing and agriculture. The resulting runoff has
buried sturgeon spawning areas. The recovery plan involves restoring this
habitat alteration.
   Industry
Provincial Papers:
     Formerly Abitibi-Price, Provincial Papers was purchased by employees
     of that mill. The mill has implemented secondary effluent treatment to
     meet current regulations.
Abitibi-Price:
     Fort William Division has implemented secondary treatment using an
     activated sludge process.
Thunder Bay Packaging:
     Previously Abitibi (Thunder Bay Division) this mill has re-opened to
     produce corrugated cardboard.
   Public Education
Innovative Ecosystem Monitoring
     Monitoring to determine effectiveness of remedial actions is costly,
     is often abandoned in times of constraint, is focused upon action to
     restore localized, site specific impairments, and usually does not
     address ecosystem response to rehabilitation actions. An exception is
     the Lake Superior LakeWatch program which is cost-effective,
     integrative, public-supported, and conducted by volunteers.
     The proposed candidates for an ecosystem data base include ecosystem
     based measures (eg. number of song birds, arrival date of loons, catch
     from fishing derbies) which also respond to local remediation.
     Assessments at AOCs commonly measure finite parameters (eg.
     concentration of PAHs, sediment properties). Proposed monitoring is
     inclusive and uses programs, interest, and expertise developed in
     public clubs, groups, and schools. This program will provide
     effective, low cost monitoring because in-place programs will be
     utilized. Effort will be directed at screening candidate measures,
     organizing public groups and ecosystem monitoring programs in-place,
     and creating a five-AOC, Lake Superior data base.
                                Publications
Published:
  1. Thunder Bay Remedial Action Plan Stage 1 Report: Environmental
     Conditions and Problem Definition. October 1991.
  2. RAP Report #12-18. Bulletins prepared January - August 1992.
  3. Tech. Report #11. Summary of Small Fish Surveys Conducted in the
     Rivers Entering Thunder Bay Harbour, 1990. May 1992.
  4. Tech. Report #12. The 1990 Fall Waterfowl Study - Mission and Neebling
     Marshes. May 1992.
  5. Summary Newsletter of the North Shore Lake Superior RAPs. October
     1993.
  6. Tech. Report # 15. Thunder Bay Socio-Economic Profile. August 1993.
  7. Tech. Report # 17. North Shore of Lake Superior RAP Public Involvement
     Programs: A Review. October 1993.
  8. Tech. Report # 21. Ballast Water. State of the Science, Guidelines and
     Regulations. March 1994.
1994.
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wheatley harbour
Wheatley Harbour Remedial Action Plan 
Background
The Wheatley Harbour Area of Concern (AOC) includes the harbour proper (as
well as its upstream wetlands and the Muddy Creek watershed). The harbour
is used mainly by commercial fishing operations. Historical problems
centred around food processing discharges to the harbour. Significant
improvements have been made in wastewater treatment, yet bacterial
contamination and contaminated sediments remain concerns.  Industrial and municipal point sources, long-range atmospheric deposition, agricultural runoff, and in-place pollutants all contribute to the use impairments. Remaining issues include moderate levels of PCBs in the harbour sediment, elevated bacterial levels attributable to leaking septic systems in the watershed, and loss of fish and wildlife habitat.
                             RAP Report Status
   * The Wheatley Harbour RAP has compiled a joint Stage 1 and 2 Report.
     The draft Stage 1 and 2 report was completed in July 1996, has
     undergone Canada Ontario Agreement (COA) Steering Committee review,
     and is currently being finalized.
         ---------------------------------------------------------
                           Community Perspectives
   * Wheatley Harbour area residents elected not to have a formal Public
     Advisory Committee. Residents remain informed and in contact through
     newsletters, periodic meetings, and opportunities to review documents.
   * The RAP has a moderate profile in the community with interest focusing
     on protection of the wetlands for fish and wildlife, clean-up of
     sediments (if necessary), and control of bacterial inputs into the
     Harbour.
   * The community does not perceive that its uses of the Harbour are
     currently impaired. Swimming in the harbour has not been established
     as a desired use goal.
                           Implementation Outlook
Harbour sediments are marginal in terms of the need for removal.
Consideration is currently being given to in situ remediation or a "no
action" option in which the contaminated sediments would be buried.
Attention will have to be given to problematic septic systems in the small
watershed around the Harbour.
Protection of the Muddy Creek wetlands can be pursued under local zoning
and the Federal-Provincial Great Lakes Wetlands Protection Strategy.
   Fish and Wildlife Monitoring
Lake Carp PCB:
     This project proposes to ascertain the level of PCBs found in lake
     carp. This project was planned to commence in the year 1995/96.
     Completion of the survey is expected to examine the status of the
     impaired beneficial use "restrictions to fish and wildlife
     consumption".
Longterm Monitoring Following Delisting:
     After Wheatley Harbour has been delisted as an Area of Concern,
     long-term monitoring will be required to ensure that conditions remain
     at their improved state. The five-year plan anticipates this project
     to begin in the year 1998/99. Implementation is anticipated to ensure
     that the improvements to beneficial uses continue to remain in effect
     after delisting.
                                Publications
Wheatley Harbour RAP Newsletters:
   * Newsletter #1. Fall 1988.
   * Newsletter #2. Spring 1989.
   * Newsletter #3. Winter 1990.
   * Newsletter #5. June 1992.
Wheatley Harbour Factsheets:
August 1988
  1. Sediments
  2. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
  3. Nutrients
  4. Scour 88 Program
  5. Public Involvement Program
  6. Areas of Concern and Remedial Action Plans
To Be Published:
  1. Wheatley Harbour Stage 1 and 2: Environmental Conditions, Problem
     Definition,
  2. Options Discussion Document. Under Development.
       gram
  6. Areas of Concern and Remedial Action Plans
To Be Published:
  1. Wheatley Harbour Stage 1 and 2: Environmental Conditions, Problem
     Definition,
  2. Options Discussion Document. Under Development.
                                             opment.
     
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cleanup fund 1
Great Lakes 2000 Cleanup Fund Successes
The Great Lakes 2000 Cleanup Fund supports two kinds of projects:
(i) generic technology demonstration projects with application
to all or several Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOCs) and, (ii) specific remediation projects in a particular lake or AOC. 
The Cleanup Fund supported at total of  230 projects between 1990/91 and 1995/96. Projects have been carried out in 16 of the 17 Canadian Areas
of Concern, under the Fund's priority issues of contaminated sediment
remediation, fish and wildlife habitat rehabilitation, municipal
sewage treatment plant optimization, urban runoff and stormwater
control, and rural non-point source pollution control.  Many projects
are showing successes in terms of improvements to water quality,
rehabilitation of aquatic habitat, and achieving cost-savings
by demonstrating that innovative low-cost alternatives are available.  
You can access updates on the internet of cleanup fund projects arranged by category or lake and area of concern.
The biggest success, perhaps, is the removal of one site from
Canada's list of Areas of Concern.  In 1994, Collingwood Harbour
was the first site to be de-listed as an AOC.
The Cleanup Fund has spent $43 million on these projects and an
additional $79 million has been provided by nearly 300 partners
from various levels of government, conservation authorities, private
businesses and industries, environmental groups, and local landowners.
The Fund was initiated in 1990, as part of the Government of Canada's
Great Lakes Action Plan, and represents a significant part of
Canada's commitment to restore the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem
as outlined in the 1987 Protocol to the Canada-U.S. Great Lakes
Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA).  The follow-up program, Great
Lakes 2000, confirmed that the Cleanup Fund's resources remain
focussed on demonstrating technologies and remedial methods for
the restoration of impaired beneficial uses in Canada's AOCs.
The Canada-Ontario Agreement Respecting the Great Lakes Basin
Ecosystem (COA) , signed in 1994, gives firm environmental targets
for both the federal and provincial governments until the year
2000, and facilitates implementation of the GLWQA.  The Great
Lakes 2000 Cleanup Fund helps the federal government meet these
targets.
Some of the Cleanup Fund's success stories include:
* Process audits costing $720,000 will save $18.8 million for
the Town of Midland, the Town of Collingwood and the City of Windsor
* Commercial contracts won by six sediment remediation technologies
following demonstration by the Fund 
* Projected savings for using innovative approaches to remove
ammonia toxicity from effluents at all Ontario STPs is $1.2 billion
* A seven-fold increase in juvenile large mouth bass has been
seen in Hamilton Harbour due to water quality and shoreline improvements
Three projects have received recognition through awards including:
* The Penetang Bay Cleanup and Habitat Restoration Project
in Severn Sound, which received the 1995 Environment in Business
Award from the Penetanguishene-Tiny Chamber of Commerce in recognition
of a cost-effective program to improve the natural environment
of the area;
* The Metro Toronto Waterfront Pilots - Colonel Sam Smith
Park Habitat Enhancement project, which received an Adopt-a-Pond
Award from the Metro Toronto Zoo in 1994, in recognition of the
innovative fish and wildlife habitat creation techniques used;
* The Clearwater Creek Rehabilitation Project in Nipigon,
which became the centrepiece of environmental education at the
St. Edward School, and earned the Dr. Roberta Bondar Science and
Technology Award in 1995. 
With $120 million worth of project activity, these environmental
initiatives are not only beginning to show improvements in valued
Great Lakes resources, but are also providing rewards in terms
of job creation and significant potential global market opportunities.
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cleanup fund 2
In 1994, the federal government renewed its commitment to the GLWQA with the announcement of Great Lakes 2000 and a renewed Canada-Ontario Agreement Respecting the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem (COA).  Great Lakes 2000 targets action under three objectives:  restoration of degraded sites; the prevention and control of pollution; and, the conservation of human and ecosystem health.  
The Great Lakes Cleanup Fund is one component of Great Lakes 2000, which in partnership with other government and non-government agencies is demonstrating innovative technologies for contaminated sediment remediation, municipal wastewater treatment and stormwater control, non-point source pollution control, and techniques for habitat rehabilitation.
The Cleanup Fund has provided $35 million to support more than 150 projects to assist with the implementation of remedial programs to restore beneficial uses in the Great Lakes, with a priority on Canada's 17 AOCs.  Another $70 million has been contributed by more than 130 partner agencies.
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Click on any red or yellow dot to learn more about the Canadian Areas of Concern.  If you wish to learn more about the US Areas of Concern, click here to view their web site (only if your computer is connected to the Internet).)))))))))))
http://www.cciw.ca/glimr/raps/aoc-map.html
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